Gastrointestinal helminth communities of two gekkonid lizard species,Nactus multicarinatusandNactus pelagicus(Squamata: Gekkonidae), from the Republic of Vanuatu, Oceania

Gastrointestinal helminths of nine species ofCnemaspis(Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Peninsular Malaysia, one species from Cambodia and Thailand and two species from Vietnam

“…Members of the Pharyngodonidae, such as P. maplestoni, have direct (monoxenous) life cycles and infection most likely occurs when contaminated substrate is ingested as lizards forage for food; a colonising P. maplestoni needs only to find suitable habitat occupied by other lizards. This lack of dependence on an intermediate host is likely to increase the efficiency of P. maplestoni in infecting additional lizards, probably contributes to the broad distribution of this species and may be partly responsible for its success in establishing in two species of geckos, Nactus multicarinatus and N. pelagicus, on various islands in Vanuatu, Oceania (Goldberg et al 2011). Parapharyngodon maplestoni in C. baueri and C. pemanggilensis are new host records.…”

Survey of Helminths, Ectoparasites, and Chytrid Fungus of an Introduced Population of Cane Toads,Rhinella marina(Anura: Bufonidae), from Grenada, West Indies

“…Espinoza-Jim´enez et al (2007) reported 113 helminth species that parasitize R. marina in its native and introduced range. Since that report, 18 additional helminth species have been recovered from cane toads in Costa Rica (Kuzmin et al, 2007;Bursey and Brooks, 2010), Brazil Gomes et al, 2013;Silva et al, 2013), Mexico (Espinola-Novelo andGuillen-Hernandez, 2008;Salgado-Maldonado and Caspeta-Mandujano, 2010;Ruiz-Torres et al, 2013), Peru (Guerrero, 2013), Australia (Kelehear and Jones, 2010), Columbia (Bechara and Velez, 2010), Grenada (Bursey et al, 2013), and Guam (Goldberg et al, 1999). A total of 131 helminth species parasitize R. marina throughout its entire distribution range.…”

“…In Jamaica 2 species of helminths have been reported to parasitize introduced cane toads: Mesocoelium monas and Ochoterenella digiticauda (Wong and Bundy, 1985). In general, cane toads on small islands have a low helminth diversity (2-10 species) (Linzey et al, 1998;Goldberg et al, 1999;Ragoo and Omah-Maharaj, 2003) when compared to a helminth diversity of 45 species in a country in its native home range such as Mexico (Espinoza-Jim´enez et al, 2007). This low helminth diversity pattern on islands may be a combination of both R. marina's status as an introduced species and the island's natural history, such as limited genetic diversity, host community composition, smaller host population sizes, and fewer vectors and reservoirs (Apanius et al, 2000;Morand and Gu´egan, 2000).…”

“…Only 22 of these 131 helminth species are unique to R. marina populations in the introduced distribution range and are not found to infect R. marina in its native range (Barton, 1997;Goldberg et al, 1999;EspinozaJim´enez et al, 2007;Kelehear and Jones, 2010). These 22 helminths include 13 from Australia (Baker, 1987;Edmonds, 1989;Speare, 1990;Cribb and Barton, 1991;Jones and Delvinquier, 1991;Barton, 1994Durette-Desset et al, 1994Kelehear and Jones, 2010); 3 from Bermuda (Speare, 1990;Linzey et al, 1998); 1 from American Samoa (Goldberg and Bursey, 1992); 1 from Guadeloupe (Speare, 1990); 1 from Guam (Goldberg et al, 1999); 1 from Hawaii (Barton and Pichelin, 1999); 1 from Jamaica (Speare, 1990); and 1 from Grenada (Bursey et al, 2013).…”

“…Five species of helminths (Rhabdias fuelleborni, Aplectana sp., Abbreviata sp., Mesocoelium monas, and Clinostomum sp.) were collected from introduced cane toads on Bermuda (Goldberg et al, 1995;Linzey et al, 1998). In Jamaica 2 species of helminths have been reported to parasitize introduced cane toads: Mesocoelium monas and Ochoterenella digiticauda (Wong and Bundy, 1985).…”