Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-analysis

McElhanon, Barbara O.; McCracken, Courtney; Karpen, Saul J.; Sharp, William G.

doi:10.1542/peds.2013-3995

Cited by 659 publications

(485 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…144 A few small clinical trials have shown beneficial effects for gluten free and casein free diets on symptoms of children with ASD 145,146 that could potentially be attributed to the change in gut microbiota. 4,8,19,61,128,147 Furthermore, in children with autism, the frequency of GI symptoms is increased 148,149 and has been attributed to a low-grade chronic inflammation in the GI tract caused by altered gut microbiota. In a clinical study, oral vancomycin was used as a minimally absorbed antibiotic to treat the GI problems, based on this theory.…”

Section: Emerging Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulatory Effects of Gut Microbiota on the Central Nervous System: How Gut Could Play a Role in Neuropsychiatric Health and Diseases

Yarandi

Peterson

Treisman

et al. 2016

J Neurogastroenterol Motil

228

134

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Gut microbiome is an integral part of the Gut-Brain axis. It is becoming increasingly recognized that the presence of a healthy and diverse gut microbiota is important to normal cognitive and emotional processing. It was known that altered emotional state and chronic stress can change the composition of gut microbiome, but it is becoming more evident that interaction between gut microbiome and central nervous system is bidirectional. Alteration in the composition of the gut microbiome can potentially lead to increased intestinal permeability and impair the function of the intestinal barrier. Subsequently, neuro-active compounds and metabolites can gain access to the areas within the central nervous system that regulate cognition and emotional responses. Deregulated inflammatory response, promoted by harmful microbiota, can activate the vagal system and impact neuropsychological functions. Some bacteria can produce peptides or short chain fatty acids that can affect gene expression and inflammation within the central nervous system. In this review, we summarize the evidence supporting the role of gut microbiota in modulating neuropsychological functions of the central nervous system and exploring the potential underlying mechanisms.

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Section: Emerging Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulatory Effects of Gut Microbiota on the Central Nervous System: How Gut Could Play a Role in Neuropsychiatric Health and Diseases

Yarandi

Peterson

Treisman

et al. 2016

J Neurogastroenterol Motil

228

134

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“…Finally, neuroinflammation is also a frequent finding in postmortem brains of autistic individuals [64,65]. It may represent a nonspecific consequence of insufficient neurite pruning and abnormal wiring of neural networks, resulting in elevated oxidative stress (possibly a common feature shared by several neurodevelopmental disorders) [66], but it could also stem from a broader immune dysfunction which, together with gastrointestinal disturbances and recurrent infections, collectively qualifies ASD as a systemic disorder [67][68][69][70][71].…”

Section: Autism Spectrum Disorder: Clinical Traits Neuropsychologicamentioning

confidence: 99%

Endocannabinoid Signaling in Autism

et al. 2015

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex behavioral condition with onset during early childhood and a lifelong course in the vast majority of cases. To date, no behavioral, genetic, brain imaging, or electrophysiological test can specifically validate a clinical diagnosis of ASD. However, these medical procedures are often implemented in order to screen for syndromic forms of the disorder (i.e., autism comorbid with known medical conditions). In the last 25 years a good deal of information has been accumulated on the main components of the Bendocannabinoid (eCB) system^, a rather complex ensemble of lipid signals (Bendocannabinoids^), their target receptors, purported transporters, and metabolic enzymes. It has been clearly documented that eCB signaling plays a key role in many human health and disease conditions of the central nervous system, thus opening the avenue to the therapeutic exploitation of eCB-oriented drugs for the treatment of psychiatric, neurodegenerative, and neuroinflammatory disorders. Here we present a modern view of the eCB system, and alterations of its main components in human patients and animal models relevant to ASD. This review will thus provide a critical perspective necessary to explore the potential exploitation of distinct elements of eCB system as targets of innovative therapeutics against ASD.Key Words Autism spectrum disorder . endocannabinoid system . fragile X syndrome . metabolic regulation . reward system The Endocannabinoid SystemTwenty-five years after the cloning and expression of a complementary DNA that encoded a G protein-coupled receptor, named type-1 cannabinoid (CB 1 ) receptor [1], there is a good deal of information on the main components of the so-called Bendocannabinoid (eCB) system^, as well as on its role in controlling cannabinergic signaling in human health and disease [2][3][4]. Anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) are the most active eCBs as yet identified, although this family of bioactive lipids includes other arachidonic acid (AA) derivatives with cannabimimetic properties (i.e., noladin ether, virodhamine, N-arachidonoyldopamine, to name but a few). The classical dogma that eCBs are synthesized and released Bon demand^upon (patho)physiological stimuli has been recently revisited on the basis of unexpected evidence for intracellular reservoirs and transporters of eCBs. These new entities have been shown to drive intracellular trafficking of eCBs, adding a new dimension to the regulation of their biological activity [5]. To date, several metabolic routes have B. Chakrabarti, A. Persico and N. Battista are equal first authors.

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“…Here we illustrate use of the method for a study of colonic motility in the NL3 R451C mouse model of autism, which expresses a missense mutation in the Nlgn3 gene encoding the synaptic adhesion protein Neuroligin-3 16 . This mutation was first identified in patients diagnosed with Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) 17 , which is strongly associated with GI dysfunction [18][19][20][21][22] . We investigated whether the NL3 R451C synaptic mutation affects neural outputs in the ENS using the video imaging technique.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Video Imaging and Spatiotemporal Maps to Analyze Gastrointestinal Motility in Mice

Swaminathan

Hill‐Yardin

Ellis

et al. 2016

JoVE

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The enteric nervous system (ENS) plays an important role in regulating gastrointestinal (GI) motility and can function independently of the central nervous system. Changes in ENS function are a major cause of GI symptoms and disease and may contribute to GI symptoms reported in neuropsychiatric disorders including autism. It is well established that isolated colon segments generate spontaneous, rhythmic contractions known as Colonic Migrating Motor Complexes (CMMCs). A procedure to analyze the enteric neural regulation of CMMCs in ex vivo preparations of mouse colon is described. The colon is dissected from the animal and flushed to remove fecal content prior to being cannulated in an organ bath. Data is acquired via a video camera positioned above the organ bath and converted to high-resolution spatiotemporal maps via an inhouse software package. Using this technique, baseline contractile patterns and pharmacological effects on ENS function in colon segments can be compared over 3-4 hr. In addition, propagation length and speed of CMMCs can be recorded as well as changes in gut diameter and contraction frequency. This technique is useful for characterizing gastrointestinal motility patterns in transgenic mouse models (and in other species including rat and guinea pig). In this way, pharmacologically induced changes in CMMCs are recorded in wild type mice and in the Neuroligin-3 R451C mouse model of autism. Furthermore, this technique can be applied to other regions of the GI tract including the duodenum, jejunum and ileum and at different developmental ages in mice. Video LinkThe video component of this article can be found at

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Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-analysis

Cited by 659 publications

References 57 publications

Modulatory Effects of Gut Microbiota on the Central Nervous System: How Gut Could Play a Role in Neuropsychiatric Health and Diseases

Modulatory Effects of Gut Microbiota on the Central Nervous System: How Gut Could Play a Role in Neuropsychiatric Health and Diseases

Endocannabinoid Signaling in Autism

Video Imaging and Spatiotemporal Maps to Analyze Gastrointestinal Motility in Mice

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