Because of the ultra-low photon energies in the mid-infrared and terahertz frequencies, in these bands photodetectors are notoriously underdeveloped, and broadband single photon detectors (SPDs) are non-existent. Advanced SPDs exploit thermal effects in nanostructured superconductors, and their performance is currently limited to the more energetic near-infrared photons due to their high electronic heat capacity. Here, we demonstrate a superconducting magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene (MAG) device that is capable of detecting single photons of ultra-low energies by utilizing its record-low heat capacity and sharp superconducting transition. We theoretically quantify its calorimetric photoresponse and estimate its detection limits. This device allows the detection of ultrabroad range single photons from the visible to sub-THz with response time around 4 ns and energy resolution better than 1 THz. These attributes position MAG as an exceptional material for long-wavelength single photon sensing, which could revolutionize such disparate fields as quantum information processing and radio astronomy.
Introduction:The detection of single photons is a key enabling technology in many research areas including quantum sensing, quantum key distribution, information processing and radio astronomy. Single photon detectors (SPDs) for wavelengths ranging from the visible to near infrared (nIR) have already been developed and even commercialized. State-of-the-art SPD technologies rely on heat-induced breaking of the superconducting state in nano-structured superconductors (SCs). Here, superconducting transition-edge sensors (TES) and superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) have developed into the SPDs with the highest detection efficiencies, lowest dark count rates and operation wavelengths up to 10 µm (1-8). However, while no theoretical performance limits are evident so far, extending the broadband detection of single photons from the nIR to the far-infrared and the terahertz (THz), has yet to be demonstrated. TESs exploit the steepness of the temperature dependent resistance at the superconducting transition edge, which enables the generation of detectable voltages pulses upon heating electrons by absorbed light quanta (4, 5,9). Because the energy of an absorbed photon is transferred to the whole ensemble of electrons, the performance of TESs is determined by the heat capacity of the calorimetric materials used. This currently limits the SPD operation of TESs to wavelengths below 8µm(10), temperatures below 100mK, and detection times above ~10s(10-13).