“…The third phase of the analysis of the model of Clientelism expands to capture African countries, Asia, South America, and the Caribbean (Abdallah, 2017;Aspinall & Berenschot, 2019;Aspinall & Sukmajati, 2019;Cendales et al, 2019;De Elvira et al, 2019;El Tarouty, 2015;Hilgers, 2012;Kobayashi, 2016;Kuo, 2018;Mendilow & Phelippeau, 2018;Muniz, 2015;Nichter, 2018;Ogundiya, 2009;Ojo et al, 2019;Sule et al, 2017. This phase is believed to have been the peak of Clientelism's development because democracy is in its fourth wave, as asserted by Huntington (2000).…”