Gated Tunability and Hybridization of Localized Plasmons in Nanostructured Graphene

Fang, Zheyu; Thongrattanasiri, Sukosin; Schlather, Andrea E.; Liu, Zheng; Ma, Lulu; Wang, Yumin; Ajayan, Pulickel M.; Nordlander, Peter; Halas, Naomi J.; Abajo, F. Javier García de

doi:10.1021/nn3055835

Cited by 667 publications

(650 citation statements)

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“…The latter determines the plasmon quality factor Q = ωτ ∼ 10 − 60, as measured in recent experiments. [11][12][13]15,16 This model works well for photon energies below the Fermi level (hω < E F ), but neglects interband transitions that take place at higher energies. In the ωτ 1 limit, we can approximate…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[6][7][8][9][10] Graphene plasmons have been recently observed and their electrical modulation unambiguously demonstrated through near-field spatial mapping [11][12][13] and far-field spectroscopy. [14][15][16] These low-energy plasmons, which appear at mid-infrared and lower frequencies, should not be confused with the higher-energy π and σ plasmons that show up in most carbon allotropes, and that have been extensively studied through electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) in fullerenes, 17,18 nanotubes, 19 and graphene. [20][21][22][23] These high-energy plasmons are not electrically tunable.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Even Hard-Sphere Colloidal Suspensions Display Fickian Yet Non-Gaussian Diffusion

2014

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We show that free electrons can efficiently excite plasmons in doped graphene with probabilities of order one per electron. More precisely, we predict multiple excitations of a single confined plasmon mode in graphene nanostructures. These unprecedentedly large electron-plasmon couplings are explained using a simple scaling law and further investigated through a general quantum description of the electron-plasmon interaction. From a fundamental viewpoint, multiple plasmon excitations by a single electron provides a unique tool for exploring the bosonic quantum nature of these collective modes. Our study does not only open a viable path towards multiple excitation of a single plasmon mode by single electrons, but it also reveals graphene nanostructures as ideal systems for producing, detecting, and manipulating plasmons using electron probes.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Even Hard-Sphere Colloidal Suspensions Display Fickian Yet Non-Gaussian Diffusion

2014

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“…29 Alternatively, other works have shown coupling through relief corrugations or subwavelength gratings on which graphene is placed, [30][31][32][33][34] as well as patterned graphene structures including 1D arrays of micro-ribbons 13,35 and 2D arrangements of islands. 25,[36][37][38] In order to achieve a periodic doping in the graphene, the sheet can be biased with the spatially periodic electrostatic field generated by a periodically corrugated plane, either metallic or dielectric (see Fig. S2 in the SM).…”

Section: Graphene With 1d Conductivity Modulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene as a Tunable Anisotropic or Isotropic Plasmonic Metasurface

et al. 2016

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We demonstrate a tunable plasmonic metasurface by considering a graphene sheet subject to a periodically patterned doping level. The unique optical properties of graphene result in electrically tunable plasmons that allow for extreme confinement of electromagnetic energy in the technologically significant regime of THz frequencies.Here we add an extra degree of freedom by using graphene as a metasurface, proposing to dope it with an electrical gate patterned in the micron or sub-micron scale. By extracting the effective conductivity of the sheet we characterize metasurfaces periodically modulated along one or two directions. In the first case, and making use of the analytical insight provided by transformation optics, we show an efficient control of THz radiation for one polarization. In the second case, we demonstrate a metasurface with an isotropic response that is independent of wave polarization and orientation.Graphene, an atomically-thin layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice, features outstanding mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. 1 Its characteristic linear * To whom correspondence should be addressed 1 dispersion for electrons close to the Dirac point results in the possibility of tuning the carrier concentration by external means. 2 In particular, graphene can be biased by electrical gating or surface doping, which modifies its Fermi level and permits the existence of surface plasmons propagating along graphene. Because of the two-dimensional (2D) nature of this material, the surface plasmons it supports have very short wavelengths and exhibit extreme out-of-plane confinement to the sheet, as has already been demonstrated in a number of experiments. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Compared to the noble metals commonly employed for plasmonics, 12 graphene has a low carrier concentration, and, for this reason, plasmons in graphene are relatively long-lived and appear at lower frequencies. While the plasmonic response of metals is weak at the infrared or lower frequencies, graphene plasmons exist in the THz regime with relatively low losses. 13-15 These facts, added to the important ingredient of tunability, make graphene a very suitable platform for the design of plasmonic metasurfaces in the THz regime. 16,17 Metasurfaces, the 2D counterpart of metamaterials, 18,19 consist of a planar arrangement of resonant subwavelength-sized building blocks. 20 By appropriately designing the blocks and their arrangement, metasurfaces provide an ultra-thin platform for manipulating electromagnetic (EM) waves. Novel phenomena and applications based on metasurfaces range from broadband light bending and anomalous reflection and refraction 21-23 to strong spin-orbit interactions of light. 24In this work, we study graphene as a plasmonic metasurface that offers the potential to control radiation in the THz regime. Different from previous studies, 16,17 which focused on patterning the graphene, here we consider a continuous graphene sheet with periodically modulated doping. This gives rise ...

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“…In addition, the linear bandstructure and two-dimensional nature of graphene allow for it to support plasmonic modes that have a unique dispersion relation [14][15][16][17] . These plasmonic modes have been proposed as a means of efficiently coupling to THz radiation [18][19][20] , and they have been shown to create strong absorption pathways in the THz to mid-IR when the graphene is patterned to form plasmonic Fabry-Perot resonances [21][22][23][24] . The intensity and frequency of the plasmonic modes in graphene are carrier density dependent, and they display extermely large mode confinement, which allows them to efficiently couple to excitations (for example, phonons) in their environment and to create new optical modes 21,22,25,26 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Electronic modulation of infrared radiation in graphene plasmonic resonators

et al. 2015

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All matter at finite temperatures emits electromagnetic radiation due to the thermally induced motion of particles and quasiparticles. Dynamic control of this radiation could enable the design of novel infrared sources; however, the spectral characteristics of the radiated power are dictated by the electromagnetic energy density and emissivity, which are ordinarily fixed properties of the material and temperature. Here we experimentally demonstrate tunable electronic control of blackbody emission from graphene plasmonic resonators on a silicon nitride substrate. It is shown that the graphene resonators produce antenna-coupled blackbody radiation, which manifests as narrow spectral emission peaks in the mid-infrared. By continuously varying the nanoresonator carrier density, the frequency and intensity of these spectral features can be modulated via an electrostatic gate. This work opens the door for future devices that may control blackbody radiation at timescales beyond the limits of conventional thermo-optic modulation.

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Gated Tunability and Hybridization of Localized Plasmons in Nanostructured Graphene

Cited by 667 publications

References 45 publications

Even Hard-Sphere Colloidal Suspensions Display Fickian Yet Non-Gaussian Diffusion

Even Hard-Sphere Colloidal Suspensions Display Fickian Yet Non-Gaussian Diffusion

Graphene as a Tunable Anisotropic or Isotropic Plasmonic Metasurface

Electronic modulation of infrared radiation in graphene plasmonic resonators

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