GC/MS analysis, free radical scavenging, anticancer and β-glucuronidase inhibitory activities of <i>Trillium govanianum</i> rhizome

Abstract

&lt;p&gt;The current study aims to investigate the phytochemical constituents, antioxidant, β-glucuronidase inhibitory and anticancer activities of&lt;em&gt; Trillium govanianum&lt;/em&gt; rhizome. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of steroidal glycosides, saponins, sterols, flavonoids and carbohydrates. GC/MS analyses of n-hexane fraction identified 12 compounds, including 70% unsaturated and 30% saturated fatty acids. Higher free radical scavenging capacity was observed in n-hexane and chloroform fraction compared with the other fractions. Based on IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; (μg/mL) values, antiproliferative activity on HeLa cells was observed for chloroform (0.8 ± 0.2), ethyl acetate (1.4 ± 0.1) and butanol (1.6 ± 0.3) fractions by comparison to anticancer drug doxorubicin (0.3 ± 0.0). Similarly, all fractions exhibited cytotoxicity on PC-3 cells. Moreover, the methanol extract (IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt;: 140.8 ± 3.8) and butanol fraction (196.2 ± 1.9) exhibited a moderate level of β-glucuronidase inhibitory activity. These findings may validate the folkloric uses of&lt;em&gt; T. govanianum&lt;/em&gt; rhizome in cancer management, and can be a promising candidate as an anticancer agent.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;

Bioactive Steroids and Saponins of the Genus Trillium

“…The genus Trillium is a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals as steroids, saponin derivatives and flavonoids [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ]. Thus far, several steroidal saponins have been isolated and purified from the plants belonging to this genus and, at present, novel metabolites/phytochemicals from Trillium ssp.…”

“…The powdered roots are used as body and sexual tonic [ 51 ]. Noteworthy, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, free radical scavenging, β-glucuronidase inhibitory activities as well as cytotoxicity against prostate and cervical carcinoma cells of T. govanianum have been recently reported [ 19 , 29 , 50 ].…”

Phytochemical profiling and evaluation of modified resazurin microtiter plate assay of the roots of Trillium govanianum

“…The above mentioned identified components were reported biological active against bacterial strains. The GC/MS analysis of n-hexane revealed the presence of saturated and unsaturated components and reported biologically active (ur Rahman et al, 2015).…”

Antifertility Activity and Contraceptive Potential of the Hydroalcoholic Rhizome Extract of Trillium Govanianum in Female Wistar Rats

“…T. govanianum is used in several traditional and folk medicines containing steroids and sex hormones and for the treatment of ailments such as boils, dysentery, inflammation, menstrual disorders, sex-related disorders, wound healing, and as an antiseptic [5][6][7]. The antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antifungal potential of T. govanianum has been experimentally validated [4,5,[8][9][10]; however, the scientific evidence to justify its antifertility potential is lacking. Therefore, the present study was aimed to investigate the antifertility potential of T. govanianum and to elucidate the possible mechanism.…”