GC–MS analysis, toxicological and oral glucose tolerance assessments of methanolic leaf extract of Eucalyptus globulus

Abstract

Background Eucalyptus globulus leaf has shown promising potential in its efficacy to manage some diseases but little is known about its safety and its use in the management of diabetes. This study was designed to identify the bioactive compounds present in Eucalyptus globulus leaf extract (EGLEX), assess its toxic effects and its oral glucose tolerance ability. Powdered Eucalyptus globulus leaf was extracted with methanol using standard extraction procedure. Preliminary phytochemistry, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis of the extract, its acute and subacute toxic effects and on its glucose tolerance (in-vivo) capability were assessed using standard laboratory techniques. Results EGLEX was tested positive for the presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, phlobatannins and terpenoids. Nine compounds were identified by GCMS analysis of the leaf extract. EGLEX (up to 300 mg/kg bwt) showed no toxicity in all the rats dosed for the period of 14 days. The histomorphological study of the liver and kidney tissues harvested from rats dosed with 2000 mg/kg bwt showed features of histoarchitectural distortions in the two tissues. EGLEX (200 mg/kg bwt) further demonstrated effective glucose utilization as insulin and metformin. Conclusions The results obtained deduced that EGLEX is safe at a lower dose of 300 mg/kg bwt but toxic at higher dose of 2000 mg/kg bwt, and that single dose (200 mg/kg bwt) of the plant extract prevented hyperglycemia in normal rats.

Phytochemical Properties and Diverse Beneficial Roles of Eucalyptus globulus Labill.: A Review

“…In most of the studies, 1,8-cineole is the dominant component in the essential oils of leaves, with various percentages (Table 1), except for a few findings [26,27,58,59]. Furthermore, phytochemical analysis of the leaf extracts proved the presence of tannins, saponins, terpenoids, glycosides, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, steroids, cardiac glycosides, terpenes, reducing sugars, carbohydrates, resins, acidic compounds, and flavonoids [19,30,52,60]. In addition, the high phenolic content in the Eucalyptus plant parts (Table 1) that correlated with positive health influences against oxidative stress has also been formerly documented [2,46,56,57,61].…”

“…The major triterpenic acids identified in the E. globulus leaf extracts were betulinic, betulonic, oleanolic, ursolic, 3-acetyloleanolic, and 3-acetylursolic acids, which were considered to be valuable pharmaceutical compounds [62]. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS) of the methanolic extract identified the existence of nine compounds, 9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10( 19)triene 1, 3-diol,25 [(trimethylsily) oxy] (,3β, 5Z,7E)-, 1-Heptatriacotanol, Morphinan-4,5 epoxy3,6diol, 6 [7nitrobenzofurazan-4-yl] amino, 10-Heptadecen-8-ynoic acid, methyl ester, [E]-, Ethyl Iso-allocholate, 2-Myristynoyl pantetheine, Cholesta-8,24-dien-3-ol,4-methyl-, [3β, 4α]-, Cyclopropanedodecanoic acid, 2-octyl-, methyl ester, 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, and 2-phenyl-1,3-dioxan-5-yl ester [52]. Interestingly, hydrosol, obtained as a byproduct of leaf hydrodistillation, exhibited an effective insecticidal activity toward the mealybug, which nominated it as a potential biodegradable insecticidal compound, instead of a synthetic pesticide [68].…”

“…Leaves and root extracts possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities [35,[45][46][47], which correlate with the elevated amount of plant phytoconstituents. Additionally, leaf extracts possess fungicidal potency [48], allelopathic potential [49][50][51], anti-hyperglycemic potential [52], a potential anticancer activity [53], antibacterial activity [30,54,55], and neuroprotective activity [56]. In addition, leaf extracts are presently utilized in cosmetic formulations and food additives [35].…”

Phytochemical profiling of methanolic extract of Periploca aphylla Decne. using GC-MS analysis

“…Docosane possess antimicrobial activity [35]. Morphinan-4, 5-epoxy-3, 6-di-ol, 6-[7-nitrobenzofurazan-4-yl]amino-has anti-aging, analgesic and antidiabetic activities [36]. Flavone 4'-OH, 5-OH, 7-DI-O-Glucoside is a radical scavenger [37].…”

Investigations On Anti- Termite Activity Of Eucalyptus Globulus Leaf Extract

“…It is widely grown in Nilgiri hills of South India, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana and Karnataka Chen et al, 1987). Numerous therapeutic activities of Eucalyptus globulus were reported including antioxidant (Pan et al, 2020;Gonzalez et al, 2004;Neiva et al, 2018), antimicrobial (Sharma et al, 2021;Aita ., 2021), antibacterial (Brezáni et al, 2018;Ahmad et al, 2021), antifungal (Ajilore et al, 2021), antiviral (Hayat et al, 2015), anti-diabetic (Saka et al, 2017), anthelmintic (Kesharwani et al, 2018;Taur et al, 2010), antihistaminic (Kesharwani et al, 2018), anti-inflammatory (Kesharwani et al, 2018), antitermite (Emamjomeh et al ., 2021), antiplaque (Agarwal et al, 2013;Shah et al, 2012;Osawa et al, 1996), and anticancer (Abiri et al ., 2021). Different chemical constituents had been identified and isolated from Eucalyptus globulus like Protocatechuic acid (anti-oxidant), 1, 8-cineole (anti-microbial and Anti-inflammatory properties), Monoterpenes (anti-bacterial), Alkaloids and essential oil (antifungal), borneol, cineol, linalool, gernayl acetate, saffrol, antheol (anti-anthelmintic), oxygenated and non-oxygenated terpenes in essential oil (Antitermites), and Citral monoterpenoid (anticancer activity).…”