GC‐MS metabolomics‐based approach for the identification of a potential VOC‐biomarker panel in the urine of renal cell carcinoma patients

Abstract

The analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emanating from biological samples appears as one of the most promising approaches in metabolomics for the study of diseases, namely cancer. In fact, it offers advantages, such as non‐invasiveness and robustness for high‐throughput applications. The purpose of this work was to study the urinary volatile metabolic profile of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) (n = 30) and controls (n = 37) with the aim of identifying a potential specific urinary volatile pattern as a non‐invasive strategy to detect RCC. Moreover, the effect of some confounding factors such as age, gender, smoking habits and body mass index was evaluated as well as the ability of urinary VOCs to discriminate RCC subtypes and stages. A headspace solid‐phase microextraction/gas chromatography–mass spectrometry‐based method was performed, followed by multivariate data analysis. A variable selection method was applied to reduce the impact of potential redundant and noisy chromatographic variables, and all models were validated by Monte Carlo cross‐validation and permutation tests. Regarding the effect of RCC on the urine VOCs composition, a panel of 21 VOCs descriptive of RCC was defined, capable of discriminating RCC patients from controls in principal component analysis. Discriminant VOCs were further individually validated in two independent samples sets (nine RCC patients and 12 controls, seven RCC patients with diabetes mellitus type 2) by univariate statistical analysis. Two VOCs were found consistently and significantly altered between RCC and controls (2‐oxopropanal and, according to identification using NIST14, 2,5,8‐trimethyl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydronaphthalene‐1‐ol), strongly suggesting enhanced potential as RCC biomarkers. Gender, smoking habits and body mass index showed negligible and age‐only minimal effects on the urinary VOCs, compared to the deviations resultant from the disease. Moreover, in this cohort, the urinary volatilome did not show ability to discriminate RCC stages and histological subtypes. The results validated the value of urinary volatilome for the detection of RCC and advanced with the identification of potential RCC urinary biomarkers.

GC–MS analysis of organic acids in rat urine: A protocol of direct ultrasound‐assisted derivatization

“…Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) is a platform of choice for qualitative and quantitative analysis of OAs in laboratory settings (Bouatra et al, ), because of its advantages including high sensitivity, peak resolution and reproducibility. This technology has been applied to determine changes in global metabolite profiling in urine from patients with prostate (Lima et al, ), bladder (Zhou et al, ) and renal cancers (Monteiro et al, ). Several important observations regarding altered levels of OAs have recently been obtained from GC–MS.…”

Breast Cancer Detection From a Urine Sample by Dog Sniffing

“…Evidence has shown that human body emits a wide array of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), both odorous and non-odorous, depending on individual background [33]. These VOCs are emitted throughout the body, including breath, blood and urine [34,35]. According to analysis of VOCs, different volatile patterns have been correlated with a variety of diseases including cancers [14,33,36,37], which dogs can be trained to detect.…”

Petroleum Hydrocarbon and Living Organisms

“…Histopathological assessment uncovered insignificant ceaseless renal ailment. However, pee result was common, the essential unfavorable impacts identified was ascending in an adjustment in hyaline bead in male rodents and harm of kidney in the female rodents led to cell toxicity [28,29].…”