2014
DOI: 10.1002/adma.201402964
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Gd‐Encapsulated Carbonaceous Dots with Efficient Renal Clearance for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Abstract: Nanoprobes for MRI and optical imaging are demonstrated. Gd@C‐dots possess strong fluorescence and can effectively enhance signals on T1‐weighted MR images. The nanoprobes have low toxicity, and, despite a relatively large size, can be efficiently excreted by renal clearance from the host after systemic injection.

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Cited by 167 publications
(142 citation statements)
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“…Recently, carbon quantum 4 dots (CQDs) is becoming a superior framework to construct multi-modal imaging probes, because of their advantages such as green synthesis, the ease of surface functionalization, favorable optical properties, and excellent biocompatibility [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. Bourlinos et al separately use tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane as a carbon source and gadopentetic acid as a Gd(III) source to synthesize Gd-doped CQDs for fluorescence/MR imaging [19].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Recently, carbon quantum 4 dots (CQDs) is becoming a superior framework to construct multi-modal imaging probes, because of their advantages such as green synthesis, the ease of surface functionalization, favorable optical properties, and excellent biocompatibility [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. Bourlinos et al separately use tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane as a carbon source and gadopentetic acid as a Gd(III) source to synthesize Gd-doped CQDs for fluorescence/MR imaging [19].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…One-pot approach such as hydrothermal treatment of citrate acid (CA), ethanediamine, and GdCl 3 at 200 °C [21], or microwave-assisted polyol method using sucrose, concentrated H 2 SO 4 , and GdCl 3 [22], have also been successfully demonstrated to prepare Gd-doped CQDs. Recently, Gd-doped CQDs are also prepared by simple calcination of gadopentetic acid (Gd-DTPA) [23]. Nevertheless, exploration of CQDs as multimodal imaging nanoprobes for biological processes monitoring still remains in the early stage.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Carbon dots and graphene quantum dots (QDs) have been extensively explored for cell labeling [76][77][78][79][80][81][82]. Using rational structural/compositional design, MCBs can be endowed with fluorescent properties for bio-imaging.…”
Section: Mcbs For Bio-imaging Bio-adsorption and Biosensingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Moreover, most of the previously reported multifunctional nanoprobes have relatively large hydrodynamic diameters (typically 410 nm), which are larger than the kidney filtration thresholds (that is, 5.5 nm). 30,31 Consequently, these nanoparticles cannot be metabolized by the kidney and are instead absorbed by the reticuloendothelial system in the liver and spleen, causing potential organ and immune system damage. Therefore, there is a great demand to develop small-sized nanoscale theranostics that have simple compositions with versatile properties to realize enhanced diagnostic and treatment capabilities and to avoid side effects in vivo.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%