Gender and Ageing at Work in Chile: Employment, Working Conditions, Work–Life Balance and Health of Men and Women in an Ageing Workforce

Vives, Alejandra; Gray, Nora; González, Francisca; Molina, Ana María Anguiano

doi:10.1093/annweh/wxy021

Cited by 31 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…De esta forma, para ellas, la vejez no necesariamente es un tiempo de descanso, en comparación de lo que podría ser para las profesionales. Esto condice con estudios que muestran que un importante número de mujeres sigue trabajando posterior a la edad de jubilación, principalmente por necesidad económica (CEVE-UC, 2018), sobrellevando la carga del trabajo remunerado y no remunerado en su vejez(Vives, Gray, González, & Molina, 2018).Finalmente, los resultados de esta investigación aluden a una paradoja aparente: si bien hay heterogeneidad en la vejez, esta también nos une. Los imaginarios sociales e individuales de vejez son compartidos, a pesar de la diversidad etaria y ocupacional, y de la heterogeneidad en el proceso de envejecer y en la vejez.…”

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Imaginarios de Vejez: ¿Cómo Perciben la Vejez las Mujeres en Chile?

et al. 2019

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El creciente envejecimiento de la población ha generado nuevas interrogantes respecto al proceso de envejecer y a las expectativas sobre la vejez. Este estudio cualitativo explora los imaginarios de vejez de mujeres chilenas y problematiza la (in)visibilidad de la heterogeneidad en la vejez. Se utilizan entrevistas semi-estructuradas a una muestra de 50 mujeres entre 24 y 88 años, profesionales y no-profesionales, de Santiago de Chile. Los resultados muestran imaginarios de vejez diferenciados cuando se trata de los demás (imaginarios sociales de vejez) respecto de aquellos referidos a la propia vejez (imaginarios individuales de vejez). Los imaginarios sociales de vejez tienden a ser negativos por: (a) las bajas pensiones, (b) mala atención en salud y (c) pérdida de autovalencia. Esto se contrapone con los imaginarios individuales de vejez, donde se articulan atributos positivos y negativos, resaltando la salud, los vínculos familiares y estrategias para mantenerse saludable y activa. Se concluye que las diferencias entre los imaginarios sociales e individuales de vejez darían cuenta de: tensiones en la definición de vejez, heterogeneidad en la vejez, cambios en las expectativas para la vejez de mujeres chilenas, cuestionamiento de las instituciones de previsión social, y la importancia de la familia y los cuidados en la vejez. AbstractThe increasing ageing population has generated new questions regarding the process of getting older and the expectations about old age. This qualitative study explores imaginaries about old age of Chilean women. It problematizes the (in)visibility of the heterogeneity of old age people. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 50 professional and non-professional women from 24 to 88 year-old living in Santiago de Chile. The results show differences between social imaginaries of old age (referred to other old people) and individual imaginaries of old age (own old age). Social imaginaries of old age are negative due to: (a) economic precariousness and low pensions, (b) bad quality of the health system, and (c) the loss of autonomy. This contrasts with individual imaginaries of old age, where there are both positive and negative attributes, highlighting health, family ties and strategies to keep healthy and active. The paper concludes that the differences between social and individual imaginaries of old age show: tensions on the definition of old age, heterogeneity within adulthood, changes on the expectations of Chilean women about old age, the questioned role of social security, and the relevance of family and caring at old age.

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Imaginarios de Vejez: ¿Cómo Perciben la Vejez las Mujeres en Chile?

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“…Gender gaps in employment have been attributed to women having to care for the socially weak population, including childbearing and childrearing. Meanwhile, the employment status of men is less affected, owing to the influence of labor market productivity on the probability of men’s labor force [ 12 , 26 ]. Indeed, studies have consistently indicated that women were more involved in family roles and had higher expectations of those roles than men [ 13 , 14 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gendered inequalities vary with respect to employment and working conditions, with differences seen in occupations and economic activities, contract types, wages, access to labor rights and benefits, and working times [ 11 , 12 ] which can have beneficial or damaging effects on health. As indicated by the WHO, the unequal distribution of working conditions is a key contributor to social inequalities in health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Differences in the Relationship between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Employment: Evidence from the Korea Health Panel Study

Kim

Lee

Lim

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Previous studies have analyzed the impact of diabetes mellitus on labor market participation by men and women, but gender difference between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and employment has not been the focus. This study aims to explore gender differences between T2DM and employment status. Data from the Korea Health Panel Study, 2013–2015 were analyzed by distinguishingT2DM and non-diabetes (N = 11,216). The empirical model was established and the generalized two-stage least squares (2SLS) was estimated, controlling for endogeneity. A family history of diabetes, as an instrumental variable, was related to an individual’s genetic predisposition to develop diabetes. The estimated results for the 2SLS showed the interaction effects between T2DM and employment. T2DM had a statistically significant and negative effect on employment for women only. The comparison with non-diabetes showed that women with T2DM had a lower probability of employment by 51.9% (p < 0.05). Exposing gender bias in employment suggests that healthcare policies and disease management programs for diabetic patients should adopt gender-specific remedies.

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“…It is characteristic that older workers are in better health than nonworkers. And such an observation is characteristic of the female sex to a greater extent [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Consideration should also be given to the effect of age on the level of discrimination in both sexes. High labor intensity and requirements for physical indicators in men, as well as comparatively lower pay among women, are risk factors for stress at work in persons of pre-retirement age [4]. It is characteristic that older workers are in better health than nonworkers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Differences in Dynamic of Job Stress as Cardiovascular Risk Factor in Population Aged 25-64 Years from 1988 to 2017

Vv¹

2021

J Cardiol Res Rev Rep

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The Aim: To determine gender differences in the dynamic of job stress indicators in an open population of 25-64 years over a long-term period - 29 years in Russia / Siberia (Novosibirsk). Methods: Within the framework of the screening in 1988-89 under the WHO MONICA-psychosocial (MOPSY) program (n=1676, 49.5% males, mean age 44.1±0.4 years), in 2003-2005 under the international project HAPIEE (n=1650, 34.9% males, mean age 54.25±0.2 years), in 2013-2016 (n=975, 43.8% males, mean age 34.5±0,4 years) and 2016-2017 (n=663, 41.3% males, mean age 51.95±0.32 years) within the framework of the budgetary theme No. AAAA-A17-117112850280-2, random representative samples of men and women in one of districts in Novosibirsk were examined. Job stress indicators were assessed using the Karasek’s scale adopted by MONICA-MOPSY. Results: About 40% of male and female population in 1988 reported a change in occupation in the previous 12 years. The highest proportion of such persons was observed in the younger age groups and significant gender differences were also found there. By 2016-17, the proportion of those who changed their specialty decreased but gender differences were not determined. In 2016-17, the proportion of men and women who enjoy their job increased slightly compared to 1988, but the gender difference was insignificant. Responsibility at work increased up to 58.2% and 54.5%, respectively in dynamics among young men and women. In 2016-17, the perception of responsibility at the workplace returned to the semblance of 1988 without gender differences. Regarding changes in the workplace, in 1988, the most frequent were "change of salary" and "change of workplace" for both sexes. Men more often than women indicated conflicts with their superiors and subordinates. In 2013, the change of workplace was reported more often than changes in salary (especially in the youngest group of 25-34 years old) but in 2017 these answers correlated with each other, amounting to 11-12%. No gender differences were observed. In 2013-16, share of men and women who reduced their workload increased to 20%. This proportion decreased in 2016-17. And the trend towards an increase in workload at the workplace moved at a faster pace, especially among middle-aged and older men. The proportion of women who cannot relax and rest after usual working day in the period from 1988 to 2013-16 was stable at 38-39%; but by 2016-2017 it decreased by a third. The proportion of such men has been growing over 29 years and began to exceed women by 10% in 2016-17. Conclusions: Both genders began to perform additional work tasks more often and to assess their responsibility at work as high over 29 years of observations. There is a trend towards eliminating of sex differences

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Gender and Ageing at Work in Chile: Employment, Working Conditions, Work–Life Balance and Health of Men and Women in an Ageing Workforce

Cited by 31 publications

References 8 publications

Imaginarios de Vejez: ¿Cómo Perciben la Vejez las Mujeres en Chile?

Imaginarios de Vejez: ¿Cómo Perciben la Vejez las Mujeres en Chile?

Gender Differences in the Relationship between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Employment: Evidence from the Korea Health Panel Study

Gender Differences in Dynamic of Job Stress as Cardiovascular Risk Factor in Population Aged 25-64 Years from 1988 to 2017

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