Gender As Social Institution

Martin, Patricia Yancey

doi:10.1353/sof.2004.0081

Cited by 415 publications

(394 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…Sociologists have pointed out that gender is a social institution and while specific gendered meanings shift based on time and place, the social institution of gender is a persistent force that structures our interactions and experiences (Martin 2004). Scholars have also pointed to the ways gendered meanings in our current social context tend to privilege men over women (Schrock and Schwalbe 2009).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically, gender scholars have begun to analyze the way that the institution of gender is not only patriarchal (Martin 2004), but also cissexist (Serano 2007;Sumerau and Cragun 2015). Cissexism involves the widespread presumption that cisgender people are normal and real while transgender people are abnormal and inauthentic (Nordmarken 2014;Serano 2007;.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Expanding on the Experiences of Transgender Nonreligious People: An Exploratory Analysis

Mathers

2017

Secularism and Nonreligion

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Building on research that points out the specific forms of marginalization that transgender and nonreligious people face in contemporary U.S. society, this exploratory analysis focuses on the experiences of transgender nonreligious people who were raised in religious households. Utilizing interviews with eleven formerly religious, now nonreligious, transgender people I draw out some of the future pathways scholars of nonreligion should take to better account for the lives of transgender nonreligious people in scholarship on nonreligion. Specifically, scholars of nonreligion should begin analyzing transgender nonreligious people's experiences in religious settings, with family, and with organizations and networks outside of religion. I conclude by discussing the ways this study can shed light on the broader processes by which inequality is reproduced and make suggestions for nonreligious leaders to make room for and listen to transgender people in nonreligious spaces.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expanding on the Experiences of Transgender Nonreligious People: An Exploratory Analysis

Mathers

2017

Secularism and Nonreligion

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“…FHS seemed to be an institution that was "internally consistent, conflict-free, fixed, and unchanging" (Martin, 2004(Martin, , p. 1253), yet roiling waves of patriarchal power, gender inequalities, privilege, and disadvantage were its contradictory institutional beacons. It was evident that it would be quite an endeavor for females athletes like cheerleaders to attempt to cross the borderlands of dominant constructions of gender.…”

Section: Reflectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paradise under the Field House Lights: When Rituals and Spectacles Suppress Female Students’ Agency

Fortuna¹

2011

Networks: An Online Journal for Teacher Research

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“…Gender, while often considered an attribute of individuals, is a social institution in the realm of family, religion, schools, language and government (Lorber, 1994;Martin, 2004;Turner, 1997). Gender categorizes people into roles and legitimizes rules and norms guiding their behavior in those roles, thereby structuring and reproducing a gendered social order (Lorber, 1994 (Berger & Luckmann, 1966;Giddens, 1984;March & Olsen, 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Outside-Inside Evolution in Gender and Professional Work

Ramarajan

McGinn²,

Kolb

2012

SSRN Journal

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We study the process by which a professional service firm reshaped its activities and beliefs over nearly two decades as it adapted to shifts in the social discourse regarding gender and work. Analyzing archival data from the firm over eighteen years and representations of gender and work from the business press over the corresponding two decades, we find that the firm internalized the broader social discourse through iterated cycles of analysis and action, punctuated by evolving beliefs about gender and work. Outside experts and shifting social understandings played pivotal roles in changing beliefs and activities inside the firm. We conclude with an internalization model depicting organizational adaptation to evolving social institutions.Keywords: Gender; professional service firms; social institutions; organizational learning Evolution in Gender and Work 2 Organizations' employment practices are inevitably shaped by changes in the labor pool.One of the most visible changes in employment in the U.S. since the 1980s-the growing representation of highly educated women-has challenged widely held understandings about gender and professional work. Across racial groups in 2010, women earned the majority of degrees at the bachelor's masters and doctoral levels (U.S. Department of Education, 2011) and comprised over half of the labor pool for professional level jobs. Law, accounting, and medicine in the 21 st century employ women at rates that defy these professions' long-held reputations as male bastions. These changing demographics challenge longstanding beliefs about man's role as breadwinner and woman's role as caregiver and housekeeper (Parsons, 1964;Wharton, 2005).The clash between the changing demographics of the professional workforce and institutionalized views of gender disrupts organizational beliefs and routines, creating the impetus for change within professional service firms.Greenwood and his colleagues define an institution as "more-or-less taken-for-granted repetitive social behavior that is underpinned by normative systems and cognitive understandings that give meaning to social exchange and thus enable self-reproducing social order" (Greenwood, Oliver, Sahlin, & Suddaby, 2008: 4-5). Gender, while often considered an attribute of individuals, is a social institution in the realm of family, religion, schools, language and government (Lorber, 1994;Martin, 2004;Turner, 1997). Gender categorizes people into roles and legitimizes rules and norms guiding their behavior in those roles, thereby structuring and reproducing a gendered social order (Lorber, 1994 (Berger & Luckmann, 1966;Giddens, 1984;March & Olsen, 1989).Scholars from multiple disciplines explore the relationship between organizations and institutions. Studies grounded in institutional theory begin with the assumption that organizations reflect beliefs and activities present in the institutional environment (DiMaggio & Powell, 1991;Scott, 2001) as a result of isomorphism (Friedland & Alford, 1991;Hinings, Greenwood, Reay, & Suddaby, 200...

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Gender As Social Institution

Cited by 415 publications

References 74 publications

Expanding on the Experiences of Transgender Nonreligious People: An Exploratory Analysis

Expanding on the Experiences of Transgender Nonreligious People: An Exploratory Analysis

Paradise under the Field House Lights: When Rituals and Spectacles Suppress Female Students’ Agency

An Outside-Inside Evolution in Gender and Professional Work

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