Gender‐based voting in the parliamentary elections of 2007 in Finland

Holli, Anne Maria; Wass, Hanna

doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.2009.01910.x

Cited by 61 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(50 reference statements)

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“…Those who say the genders are equal on the economy are somewhat but not significantly more likely to say they voted for a woman than those with pro-male stereotypes. In addition, women are more likely than men to support women candidates, confirming findings from Europe and the Americas (Fulton 2014;Goodyear-Grant and Croskill 2011;Holli and Wass 2010;Morgan 2015;Paolino 1995;Seltzer, Newman, and Leighton 1997;Simon and Hoyt 2008). Do results vary from one country to another?…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

Refusing to know a woman’s place: the causes and consequences of rejecting stereotypes of women politicians in the Americas

Smith

Warming

Hennings

2016

Politics, Groups, and Identities

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What are the sources and effects of gendered leadership stereotypes for women's representation? We explore the role of stereotypes in shaping public attitudes toward women's representation using AmericasBarometer survey data from 25 countries. We report three key results. First, the modal respondent in almost every country rejects gendered leadership stereotypes, affirming that women and men leaders are equally qualified on corruption and the economy. This holds even after we attempt to account for social desirability bias. Second, there are significant individual-and country-level determinants of stereotyping. In countries with higher women's representation and labor force participation but without gender quotas, citizens are more likely to choose pro-female and neutral responses over pro-male stereotypes. At the individual level, those rejecting stereotypes are less authoritarian, more supportive of labor market equality, and more leftist than those reporting pro-female stereotypes. Third, the consequences for representation vary by partisanship and country context. Pro-female leadership stereotypes boost support for women presidential candidates and for legislative gender quotas, but they matter less among copartisans of women candidates, and they matter more when women candidates are viable but gendered outsiders. Those rejecting leadership stereotypes altogether are less supportive of quotas. ARTICLE HISTORYWhat are the nature and consequences of gendered leadership stereotypes in developing democracies? We address this question in the case of the Americas, where the number of women elected to presidential office has risen dramatically in the past decade, yet women remain substantially underrepresented at all levels. Growing bodies of work examine the institutional causes and policy consequences of women's representation in Latin America; at the mass level, scholars examine public opinion toward women leaders in the abstract, and how candidate gender affects vote choice. Yet, the connection from mass attitudes such as stereotypes to women's representation in the region has yet to be addressed.Scholars of the US show that gendered leadership stereotypes remain prevalent but are declining, and in recent elections only indirectly affect vote choice; some suggest they do not matter at all (Bauer 2015a, 2015b; Brooks 2013; Ditonto, Hamilton, and Redlawsk 2014; Dolan 2014; Dolan and Lynch 2015). We analyze 2012 public opinion data to understand citizens' stereotypes of the political capabilities of men and women politicians. We make two advances over prior work. First, we examine the extent to which developing democracies exhibit similar gendered leadership stereotypes as in the US. There are reasons to expect differences. For instance, the Americas contain a great range in levels of development, and development is associated feminist attitudes more generally (e.g., Banaszak and Plutzer 1993;Inglehart and Norris 2003;Morgan and Buice 2013;Paxton and Hughes 2007). Second, we distinguish theoretically and empiricall...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

Refusing to know a woman’s place: the causes and consequences of rejecting stereotypes of women politicians in the Americas

Smith

Warming

Hennings

2016

Politics, Groups, and Identities

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“…This is in fact a very interesting finding given that in the Finnish parliamentary elections of 2003, 63 per cent of voters voted for a candidate of the same gender and 42 per cent for a candidate of approximately the same age (Bengtsson & Grönlund 2005, 241). In 2007, the corresponding figure for same-gender voting was also 63 per cent (Holli & Wass 2009). …”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Styles of Political Representation: What Do Voters Expect?

Bengtsson

Wass

2010

Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties

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“…Previous studies have indicated gender differences in the political behaviour of the electorate. Gender differences in party choice and voting are found both in presidential-style systems such as the United States and in parliamentarian systems allowing the electorate to vote for a specific candidate (Zipp & Plutzer 1985;Huddy & Terkildsen 1993a;Plutzer & Zipp 1996;Sanbonmatsu 2002;Holli & Wass 2010;Giger et al 2014). Gender gaps in voting patterns might result from differences in ideological positions and policy opinions (see, e.g., Togeby 1994;Studlar et al 1998;Inglehart & Norris 2000), perception of sex roles (Hershey 1977(Hershey , 1980, as well as gender identity and gender stereotyping focused upon here.…”

Section: Gender and Party Leadershipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Differences in Assessments of Party Leaders

Kosiara‐Pedersen

Møller²

2014

Scand Pol Stud

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Is there a relationship between party leader gender and voters' assessments? The answer is ‘yes’ according to theses on gender identity and stereotyping. A voter survey during the 2011 Danish general election allows for a comprehensive analysis of a less likely case with four male and four female party leaders. Female party leaders are assessed more positively by female voters than male voters both in regard to general party leader sympathy and assessment of specific characteristics, whereas it is not the case that male party leaders are assessed more positively by male voters than female voters. The impact of gender does not increase with age; in fact, the opposite is the case among men since younger male voters have less sympathy for female party leaders. Furthermore, there is no support for the expectation that voters with more education or with higher levels of political interest and knowledge are more positive towards party leaders of their own gender than voters with less education. Also, the relationship between gender and voter assessment is not stronger prior to an election campaign than immediately after an election. Hence, in sum, gender identity does not seem to require a higher level of political sophistication, nor does it decrease with higher levels of information.

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Gender‐based voting in the parliamentary elections of 2007 in Finland

Cited by 61 publications

References 25 publications

Refusing to know a woman’s place: the causes and consequences of rejecting stereotypes of women politicians in the Americas

Refusing to know a woman’s place: the causes and consequences of rejecting stereotypes of women politicians in the Americas

Styles of Political Representation: What Do Voters Expect?

Gender Differences in Assessments of Party Leaders

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