Gender Difference of Social Behavior in the Cooperative-Competitive Game

Patterns and Predictors of Children’s Gender-Typed Preferences of Toys

“…Unlike some studies (Caldera, Huston & O'Brien, 1989;Kane, 2006), the result of first question revealed that children had clear gendertyped recognition and preferences of toys. In detail and alignment with the previous studies (Owen Blakemore, et al, 2009;Hong, Hwang, & Chi Peng, 2012;Freeman, 2007;Aina & Cameron, 2011), this study revealed that children displayed their gender-typed preferences for car, doll, teddy bear, bicycle, play dough and yo-yo; although, they did not have this preference for throwing ring kit.…”

“…The above noted stages crystalize some patterns through which children show their stability, consistency, and continuity of gender perception and gender stereotype that can be recognized by measuring their gender-typed behaviors, gender-typed understanding or preferences of toys and play (Owen Blakemore et al, 2009;Hong, Hwang & Chi Peng, 2012). It seems that the more growing up, the more stability in gender-typed preferences of toys and play.…”

“…As soon as they achieve the gender consistency, their preferences in choosing toys and play become clearer. Studies revealed that there are relatively obvious patterns not only in gender-typed play (Hughes, 1991;Frost, Worthman, & Reifel, 2001;Hong, Hwang, & Chi Peng 2012), but also in gender-typed preferences of toys (Freeman, 2007;Aina & Cameron, 2011).…”

“…The clearest preferences of toys and play can be seen when children reach at late childhood and early adolescence (Fridell, Owen-Anderson, Johnson, Bradley & Zucker, 2006;Owen Blakemore et al, 2009). However, there are some differences between girls and boys in their preferred games (Hong et al, 2012) and toys (Owen Blakemore et al, 2009). These differences can be argued by focusing on different gender theoretical frameworks.…”

“…To follow these purposes and based on the literature review the following research questions were posed in this paper: 1) Although some researchers argued that children have gender-typed preferences of toys starting at early years of life (Owen Blakemore et al, 2009;Hong, Hwang, & Chi Peng, 2012), there are some other findings revealing that children at early years of age may not have a consistent understanding of gender (Bornstein et al, 2011) or prefer gender-neutral toys (Caldera, Huston & O'Brien, 1989;Kane, 2006). This contrast was a focused-matter in this paper, and thus we wanted to know whether children aged 4 to 10 years old have gender-typed preferences of toys or not.…”