Gender differences in affiliation and instrumentality across adulthood.

Fultz, Nancy H.; Herzog, Al

doi:10.1037/0882-7974.6.4.579

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…Contrary to previous indications (B~ihler et al, 1968;Fultz & Herzog, 1991;Mehrabian & Blum, 1996;Prohaska et al, 1984) MATS scores did not decline with age. The suggestion that there is a variation in women's MATS scores across age (DeFour & Paludi, 1995;Prohaska et al, 1984;Veroff, 1984) was not supported by the results.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 84%

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The Mehrabian Achieving Tendency Scale (MATS): Reliability, validity and relationship to demographic characteristics

Scannell¹,

Allen²

2000

Curr Psychol

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The Mehrabian Achieving Tendency Scale (MATS) assesses individual motivational characteristics that are associated with achievement (Mehrabian, 1993;1994-1995. A survey of 130 males and 218 females was conducted to examine psychometric properties of the MATS in a sample of Australians between 18 and 75 years of age. MATS scores attained high reliabilities and were similar to American samples. MATS scores were positively and significantly correlated with the Schwartz Value Survey (1992) achievement values but were not correlated with benevolence values. The MATS had a single factor structure but marked differences in item loading patterns when compared with Mehrabian and Blum (1996). Education and occupation were significantly associated with variations in MATS but gender and age were not.The earliest version of the Mehrabian Achieving Tendency Scale (MATS) was designed to be a self-report measure of the need to achieve (Mehrabian, 1968). An expanded scale was developed for the purpose of obtaining a single broad-based measure of achieving (Mehrabian & Bank, 1978). In the most recent revision, the MATS was described as assessing individual motivational characteristics that are associated with achievement (Mehrabian, 1993;1994-1995. Achievers were described as having some or all of the following attributes; desire and pursuit of success, little fear of failure, attribution of success or failure to themselves rather than to others or to circumstances, desire for feedback on their own performance, perseverance despite repeated failure, ability to delay gratification, enjoyment of completing tasks, returning to incomplete tasks and finishing them, having realistic levels of aspiration, and having a future orientation (Mehrabian, 1993).Though recent versions are more broadly based, the MATS was initially based on Atldnson's definitions of high and low achievers (Mehrabian, 1968). In a validity study Mehrabian (1969) found that high achievers preferred to associate with high status others and were significantly less willing than low achievers to conform to demands of people of equal or lower status. These characteristics suggest that the MATS would be related to Schwartz's (1992) achievement values as both measures refer to the striving of individuals alone. Achievement values are defined as attaining personal success through demonstrating competence according to social standards

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 84%

“…A number of studies indicate that achieving tendency declines with age (Btihler et al, 1968;Fultz & Herzog, 1991;Prohaska et al, 1984). Compared with young adults, elders have less desire to achieve goals (Btihler et al, 1968).…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

The Mehrabian Achieving Tendency Scale (MATS): Reliability, validity and relationship to demographic characteristics

Scannell¹,

Allen²

2000

Curr Psychol

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“…Pateman and Johnson [9] established that men found intimate care less embarrassing from an older woman. One participant in this study claimed that he would have been more sensitive to the investigations had he been younger perhaps strengthening the hypothesis of androgyny of later life [25]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…They may have been because of their greater experience. Although it may also have reflected Fultz and Herzog’s [25] claim that gender differences decrease over adulthood expressed as the ‘androgyny of later life’. Pateman and Johnson [9] established that men found intimate care less embarrassing from an older woman.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Parasexuality in genitourinary investigations: a qualitative study

2014

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BackgroundGenitourinary investigations are performed on a large proportion of middle-aged and older men and the majority undergo investigations for prostate issues. The effects that genitourinary disease can have on men depend on the type of problem, investigations required and treatment including impotence, gynaecomastia and urinary incontinence that have lasting devastating physical, social and psychological effects.The aim was to explore older men’s experience and views of intimate and intrusive genitourinary investigations and specifically to develop hypotheses and theories concerning gender and sexuality issues in intimate genitourinary investigations.MethodsWritten informed consent was obtained for this qualitative study. Data were collected through one-off, semi-structured interviews involving 15 men in the first year following patient’s last urological procedure. Initially, multiple themes were identified and when analysed further concepts were repeatedly present. As the urological investigations were limited to men, gender and sexuality became prominent issues in the data.ResultsOn analysis, the term parasexuality appeared to explain the dynamic of the situation. Parasexuality is a modified form of sexuality which is channelled and limited to maintain propriety. This was not expressed as sexuality in its overt, explicit sense, but instead a type of covert sexuality where professional boundaries are maintained but nonetheless undercurrents remain. This managed version of sexuality created a common currency by which interactions between staff and patients could take place safely.Feeding into parasexuality were gender role stereotypes and for some of the participants this reflected their own experience, context, historical and cultural norms. Intimate contact in the form of exposure and handling of the participants' genitalia during the investigations particularly challenged the boundaries of parasexuality. In order to remain parasexual, many of the participants suppressed their sexuality. Viewing staff as professional was an additional strategy used by participants to limit any sexuality as parasexuality.ConclusionThis study has contributed towards the appeal for more studies to examine privacy perceptions of patients in genitalia-related care, however, it is by no means definitive.Parasexuality goes some way to explain the dynamics of communication between older men and health care professionals during genitourinary investigations.

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“…However, some studies have failed to find the predicted gender differences in young adulthood or the convergence of gender-typed attributes in older men and women (e.g., Fultz & Herzog, 1991;Hyde, Krajnik, & Skuldt-Niederberger, 1991;James, Lewkowicz, Libhaber, & Lachman, 1995;Parker & Aldwin, in press). Reasons for discrepant results include the heterogeneity of measures of gender-related aspects of personality, the use of cross-sectional samples to test a longitudinal hypothesis, and changing gender roles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Change in goals and values of men and women from early to mature adulthood

Harker

Solomon

1996

J Adult Dev

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Changes in goals and values between early and middle adulthood were investigated using a longitudinal sample of women and their male partners. Measures designed to assess personality changes as described by Gutmann and Jung were coded from open-ended responses to questions about middle-aged subjects' concurrent and recollected goals and values. The findings indicated that both women and men declined in gender-traditional goals and values and increased in individual goals and values. Archival data for women showed that recollections were accurate and that both cohort and personality factors were related to the extent to which individuals' goals and values changed over time.

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Gender differences in affiliation and instrumentality across adulthood.

Cited by 15 publications

References 12 publications

The Mehrabian Achieving Tendency Scale (MATS): Reliability, validity and relationship to demographic characteristics

The Mehrabian Achieving Tendency Scale (MATS): Reliability, validity and relationship to demographic characteristics

Parasexuality in genitourinary investigations: a qualitative study

Change in goals and values of men and women from early to mature adulthood

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