Gender differences in incidental learning and visual recognition memory: support for a sex difference in unconscious environmental awareness

McGivern, Robert F.; Mutter, Kandis L.; Anderson, Julie; Wideman, Graham; Bodnar, Mark; Huston, Patrick J.

doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(98)00017-8

Cited by 62 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…This theory suggests that men, because of their hunter heritage, have inherited a capacity for learning and recalling distant sites like cities and international sites. On the other hand, women, because of their gatherer heritage, are said to be more proficient with nearby locations, as has been reported for women in the recall of nearby objects (Eals & Silverman, 1994;McGivern et al, 1998). In the present studies, campus buildings were the physically closest sites investigated, and women did do better, with these sites than with the distant sites; however, the results did not support our prediction that women would do better than men with campus buildings.…”

Section: Naturecontrasting

confidence: 67%

“…The following have been cited as support for the hunter-gatherer theory: men displayed superior wayfinding performance through a wooded area (Silverman et al, 2000); men identified more locations on a world map (distant sites) than did women (Dabbs, Chang, Strong, & Milun, 1998); women outperformed men on the Memory Game task-memory for objects on turned-over cards was thought to be analogous to the task demands of gatherers (McBurney, Gaulin, Devineni, & Adams, 1997); women did better with the recall of nearby objects (Eals & Silverman, 1994;McGivern et al, 1998;Montello, Lovelace, Golledge, & Self, 1999;Silverman & Eals, 1992); and men took fewer trials to learn a route to criterion on an unfamiliar map, but women recalled more street names than did men (Galea & Kimura, 1993). Galea and Kimura thought that women might have concentrated on landmarks because of their greater ancestral focus on nearby locations.…”

Section: Naturementioning

confidence: 99%

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Site Distance, Gender, and Knowledge of Geographic Sites

2004

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The primary purpose of the experiments presented in this report was to study systematically the geographic site-name, associative memory of male and female college students (predominantly White and middle class) for locations that varied in distance: local, national, and international sites. In the first experiment, participants were to match listed names of campus buildings and local cities with their marked locations on maps. In the second experiment, under a site-name memory, a site-name/map-aid memory, and a map-aid/name-aid memory (site-name associative memory) condition, participants were to recall or match as many of the 50 US states and the 25 largest US cities as they could. In the third experiment, the participants were to match a listed grouping of the world's largest bodies of water and continents, a set of countries, and the world's largest cities, with their marked locations on maps. In the first experiment, men matched significantly more local cities than did women; in the second experiment, men recalled significantly more of the cities under the site-name/map-aid and the map-aid/name-aid memory conditions than did women; and in the third experiment, men matched significantly more sites on all three maps than did women. The absence of gender differences for campus buildings and states may have been a product of the participants having had extensive opportunities to learn these sites. That men displayed greater knowledge of cities and international sites suggests that they have a greater interest in geography than do women. Because of the limitations of the methodology used, the gender differences favoring men could not be interpreted as primarily a product of nature or of nurture, and thus it was concluded that they were a joint product of nature and nurture.

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Section: Naturecontrasting

confidence: 67%

Section: Naturementioning

confidence: 99%

Site Distance, Gender, and Knowledge of Geographic Sites

2004

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“…Observou-se que as mulheres foram signifi cativamente mais hábeis que os homens, corroborando com resultados de estudos anteriores (Halpern, 2012;Kimura, 1999;McGivern et al, 1997;McGivern et al, 1998). Além disso, a análise de DIF mostrou que essas diferenças não se devem às condições artifi ciais dos testes, nem a outro construto que não seja a memória de reconhecimento.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Nesse sentido, as mulheres apresentam, em média, desempenhos superiores aos dos homens em tarefas de memória de reconhecimento visual (Halpern, 2012;Kimura, 1999;McGivern et al, 1997;McGivern et al, 1998). Por isso, espera-se que em um teste de memória de reconhecimento visual, as mulheres apresentem um desempenho superior ao dos homens.…”

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Construção e análise pelo modelo de Rasch de dois testes computadorizados de memória de reconhecimento

Fernandes¹,

Prieto²,

Delgado³

2015

Psicol. Reflex. Crit.

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ResumoOs objetivos deste estudo foram desenvolver uma versão computadorizada para um teste de reconhecimento associativo, desenvolver itens para a construção e informatização de um teste de reconhecimento de itens, utilizando o modelo de Rasch. Também foi objetivo deste estudo testar as hipóteses dos níveis de difi culdade dos itens e buscar evidência de validade para os instrumentos, averiguando se as mulheres obtêm desempenho superior ao dos homens. Participaram 217 estudantes universitários, homens e mulheres, com idade média de 25 anos. Os resultados indicaram que os testes se ajustaram ao modelo de Rasch, apresentaram índices de fi dedignidade adequados e não apresentaram funcionamento diferencial dos itens (DIF). Obteve-se empiricamente a ordem esperada de difi culdade das categorias de itens do teste individual e uma alta correlação entre a ordem de difi culdade esperada dos pares e a ordem obtida dos pares. As mulheres apresentaram um desempenho signifi cativamente superior ao dos homens, que não se deve ao DIF. Palavras-chave: Memória de reconhecimento, lembrança, familiaridade, modelo de Rasch, avaliação. AbstractThe objectives of this study were to develop items for a computerized version of an associative recognition memory test and to develop items for the construction and computerization of an individual recognition memory test, using the Rasch model. This study also aimed to test the hypothesis related to the item diffi culty levels and to search for validity evidences for the instruments investigating if there are differences between male and female performance. Two hundred and seventeen college students, male and female, with average age of 25 years, participated in the study. Results indicated that the tests fi t the Rasch model, presented adequate reliability index and did not present differential item functioning (DIF). The expected diffi culty order of item categories from the individual subtest as well as a large correlation between the pairs expected diffi culty order and the pairs obtained order were found. Women presented signifi cantly higher performance than men and it is not due to DIF.

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“…Although previous research suggests that females would have a more accurate memory of their target's appearance (i.e., appearance accuracy) than would males (Horgan et al 2004;Schmid Mast and Hall 2006), it is not known if females would have better appearance accuracy for the non-target and environmental setting as well. With a sample of undergraduate students from the USA, the present laboratory research addressed this question in the context of testing three different explanations for females' superior appearance accuracy, namely females' greater interpersonal orientation, task compliance, and processing of environmental information in general (Horgan et al 2004;McGivern et al 1998;Rosenthal 1966).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relevance of People Versus Objects in Explaining Females’ Advantage over Males in Appearance Accuracy

2009

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Do females remember their surroundings better than males? Does it matter who or what is in those surroundings? In small groups, 108 undergraduates from a Midwestern university in the USA were instructed to pay attention to a videotaped person (target) while seated in an office with an experimenter (non-target). Afterwards, in a surprise recall task, participants' memory for the appearance of the target, non-target, and office was tested. Females' greater interpersonal orientation was predicted to give them an advantage over males in memory for only the people. Results showed that females had better memory for the target and non-target but not the office. Discussion centers on the importance of people versus objects in explaining females' greater appearance accuracy.

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Gender differences in incidental learning and visual recognition memory: support for a sex difference in unconscious environmental awareness

Cited by 62 publications

References 26 publications

Site Distance, Gender, and Knowledge of Geographic Sites

Site Distance, Gender, and Knowledge of Geographic Sites

Construção e análise pelo modelo de Rasch de dois testes computadorizados de memória de reconhecimento

The Relevance of People Versus Objects in Explaining Females’ Advantage over Males in Appearance Accuracy

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