Gender differences in local and systemic reactions to inactivated influenza vaccine, established by a meta-analysis of fourteen independent studies

Beyer, Walter; Palache, Abraham; Kerstens, René; Masurel, N.

doi:10.1007/bf01586187

Cited by 78 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In particular, more women than men reported injection-site pain, pruritus, erythema, induration, myalgia, headache, and malaise. This trend for women to report more reactions to influenza vaccination agrees with several previous reports [13][14][15][16][17]. Finally, GMTs were generally lower in subjects vaccinated the previous year for influenza.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Safety and immunogenicity of a quadrivalent intradermal influenza vaccine in adults

Gorse

Falsey

Ozol-Godfrey

et al. 2015

Vaccine

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Safety and immunogenicity of a quadrivalent intradermal influenza vaccine in adults

Gorse

Falsey

Ozol-Godfrey

et al. 2015

Vaccine

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“…Furthermore, differences in reactogenicity between females and males were observed for both vaccines, consistent with observations made with the use of other vaccines, such as influenza vaccine. 20 Our study had certain limitations. There was insufficient power to detect uncommon adverse events.…”

Section: Commentmentioning

confidence: 91%

Combined Tetanus, Diphtheria, and 5-Component Pertussis Vaccine for Use in Adolescents and Adults

Pichichero

Rennels²,

Edwards³

et al. 2005

JAMA

124

114

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Context Increasing reports of pertussis among US adolescents, adults, and their infant contacts have stimulated vaccine development for older age groups.Objective To assess the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a tetanus-diphtheria 5-component (pertussis toxoid, filamentous hemagglutinin, pertactin, and fimbriae types 2 and 3) acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) in adolescents and adults.Design, Setting, and Participants A prospective, randomized, modified doubleblind, comparative trial was conducted in healthy adolescents and adults aged 11 through 64 years from August 2001 to August 2002 at 39 US clinical centers.Interventions A single 0.5-mL intramuscular dose of either Tdap or tetanusdiphtheria vaccine (Td).Main Outcome Measures Antibody titers to diphtheria and tetanus toxoids for Tdap and Td were measured in sera collected from subsets of adolescents and adults, before and 28 days after vaccination. For pertussis antigens, titers in sera from Tdap vaccinees were assessed vs those from infants who received analogous pediatric diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP) in a previous efficacy trial. Safety was assessed via solicited local and systemic reactions for 14 days and adverse events for 6 months following vaccination.Results A total of 4480 participants were enrolled. For both Tdap and Td, more than 94% and nearly 100% of vaccinees had protective antibody concentrations of at least 0.1 IU/mL for diphtheria and tetanus, respectively. Geometric mean antibody titers to pertussis toxoid, filamentous hemagglutinin, pertactin, and fimbriae types 2 and 3 exceeded (by 2.1 to 5.4 times) levels in infants following immunization at 2, 4, and 6 months with DTaP. The incidence of solicited local and systemic reactions and adverse events was generally similar between the Tdap and Td groups.Conclusions This Tdap vaccine elicited robust immune responses in adolescents and adults to pertussis, tetanus, and diphtheria antigens, while exhibiting an overall safety profile similar to that of a licensed Td vaccine. These data support the potential routine use of this Tdap vaccine in adolescents and adults.

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“…Animal models also show that inflammatory responses to flu infection are more severe in females versus males [20]. Moreover, women consistently report more severe local and systemic adverse reactions following receipt of flu vaccine versus men [4, 21–23] and, perhaps relatedly, women are more likely to report negative beliefs about the risks of vaccination compared to men [3, 24]. Thus, generalizability of these findings to men is unknown.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proinflammatory cytokine responses correspond with subjective side effects after influenza virus vaccination

Christian

Porter

Karlsson

et al. 2015

Vaccine

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Background Though typically mild, side effects to the influenza virus vaccine are common and may contribute to negative perceptions including the belief that the vaccine can cause the flu. However, the extent to which subjective symptoms correspond with biological response indicators is poorly understood. Methods This study examined associations among subjective side effects (soreness at the site of injection and illness-like symptoms), serum proinflammatory cytokines and body temperature a baseline, 1, 2, and 3 days following receipt of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV3) in a sample of 56 women 18–40 years in age. Results In relation to local reactions, women reporting being very sore at the injection site at 1 day post-vaccination exhibited greater increases in serum TNF-α and MIF in the days following vaccination compared to those with no or mild soreness. In addition, higher basal body temperature was observed in this group compared to other groups (98.7°F versus 98.0°–98.1°). In relation to systemic reactions, women endorsing illness-like symptoms (headache, fatigue, nausea, sore throat, dizziness, achiness, or mild fever) exhibited marginally higher IL-6 at baseline (p = .055) and greater increases in serum MIF at 2 days post-vaccination than those reporting no systemic symptoms. Associations of systemic symptoms with inflammatory responses were not accounted for by concomitant local reactions. As expected, antibody responses to the vaccine were highly similar in women regardless of local or systemic symptoms. Conclusions These results are consistent with the notion that subjective reports of local and systemic reactions following vaccination may be predicted by and correspond with biological indicators of inflammatory status, but are not meaningful predictors of antibody responses. To improve adherence to vaccine recommendations, clinicians should provide assurance that such symptoms may be related to normal mild inflammatory responses to the vaccine and do not reflect immunogenicity.

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Gender differences in local and systemic reactions to inactivated influenza vaccine, established by a meta-analysis of fourteen independent studies

Cited by 78 publications

References 19 publications

Safety and immunogenicity of a quadrivalent intradermal influenza vaccine in adults

Safety and immunogenicity of a quadrivalent intradermal influenza vaccine in adults

Combined Tetanus, Diphtheria, and 5-Component Pertussis Vaccine for Use in Adolescents and Adults

Proinflammatory cytokine responses correspond with subjective side effects after influenza virus vaccination

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