Gender Differences in Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus and Their Clinical Significance in Kidney Transplant Recipients

New‐onset diabetes after liver transplantation: a national report from China Liver Transplant Registry

“…It is the first report of a negative impact of male donor or male‐to‐female match on post‐transplant prognosis, while the previous studies demonstrated that female donors had low quality (high donor risk index) and female‐to‐male match reduced patient survival . Actually, it should be noted that there is gender‐specific difference in hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism , and more importantly that the major drug metabolizing cytochrome P450 3A4 shows higher activity in females than in males . In this sense, a male donor has a slower clearance of tacrolimus, which is a well‐established risk factor of NODAT and the lower activity of cytochrome P450 3A4 in male liver is prone to the abnormality of glucose metabolism.…”

LCPTonce‐daily extended‐release tacrolimus tablets versus twice‐daily capsules: a pooled analysis of two phase 3 trials in importantde novoand stable kidney transplant recipient subgroups

“…While we found a numerically lower incidence of treatment failures among female transplant recipients treated with LCPT versus tacrolimus twice‐daily; the difference did not reach statistical significance, likely due to the small sample size, even with the pooling of the data. Similar to black recipients, females experience lower tacrolimus bioavailability and thus would similarly be hypothesized to benefit from the increased bioavailability afforded by the LCPT formulation.…”

Therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressants by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry

“…Unfortunately, the therapeutic ranges for these 4 medications are generally narrow, which is further complicated by unpredictable drug concentrations in the patient's blood. A multitude of variables can contribute to any medication's unpredictable pharmacokinetics [6][7][8], but variations specific to immunosuppressants include age [9][10][11], drug-drug interactions [12], race [13], and sex [14,15]. While under-dosing leads to organ rejection overdosing may lead to serious side effects.…”