Gender differences in physical aggression: A prospective population-based survey of children before and after 2 years of age.

Baillargeon, Raymond H.; Zoccolillo, Mark; Keenan, Kate; Côté, Sylvana M.; Pérusse, Daniel; Wu, Hao; Boivin, Michel; Tremblay, Richard E.

doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.1.13

Cited by 197 publications

(186 citation statements)

References 115 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

160

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Interactions with sex were also examined, considering the documented sex differences in prevalence of mental health outcomes, including depression, externalizing behaviours and suicide. [20][21][22] No interactions suggesting an increase in mental illness symptoms for any subgroups were found. Therefore, we present results for all subgroups together within each age-group sample.…”

mentioning

confidence: 75%

Time trends in symptoms of mental illness in children and adolescents in Canada

McMartin

Kingsbury

Dykxhoorn

et al. 2014

CMAJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Interpretation:With the exception of hyperactivity, the prevalence of symptoms of mental illness in Canadian children and adolescents has remained relatively stable from 1994/95 to 2008/09. Conflicting reports of escalating rates of mental illness in Canada may be explained by differing methodologies between studies, an increase in treatment-seeking behaviour, or changes in diagnostic criteria or practices. AbstractResearch CMAJ, December 9, 2014, 186(18) E673 Methods Study designThis study used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, which involves a population-based cohort of Canadian children and adolescents followed prospectively every 2 years by Statistics Canada since 1994/95. 14 The cohort is considered nationally representative, with the exception of children living on First Nations reserves or Crown lands, in institutions and in some remote regions. This study was designed to collect information about multiple aspects of child health and development. The follow-up rate for the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth from cycle 1 (1994/95) to cycle 8 (2008/2009) was 61%.15 Further details about the cohort, including study design and response rates (mostly above 80% at each wave), are described elsewhere. 14,15 The survey included numerous assessments related to child and adolescent mental health. The behaviour scale was adapted from questionnaires used in the Montreal Longitudinal Survey and the Ontario Child Health Study, which were designed to identify children who would most likely qualify for a psychiatric diagnosis based on symptom criteria for the revised 3rd edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 16 This scale has been used in previous studies of child and adolescent adjustment, and has shown good psychometric properties. 17,18 In each cycle, participants aged 10 years or older were asked to self-report the frequency of various feelings and behaviours in the past week, with 3 possible responses ranging from "never or not true" to "often or very true." Each item was assigned a score of 0 to 2 (higher scores indicating a greater degree of mental health problems). Questionnaires were completed on paper, at home in a private setting, and sealed in envelopes to ensure confidentiality.Composite scores were created by summing item scores on each of 4 subscales relevant to adolescent mental illness: conduct disorder (6 items, e.g., "I kick or hit other people my age"), hyperactivity (7 items, e.g., "I am impulsive, I act without thinking"), indirect aggression (5 items, e.g., "When I am mad at someone, I say bad things behind his/her back"), and symptoms of depression/anxiety (7 items, e.g., "I am not as happy as other people my age" and "I worry a lot"). 19 The same items were collected at each cycle, with the exception of 1 hyperactivity item and 1 depression/anxiety item, which were dropped in cycle 4. In the interest of comparability over time, these items were not included in composite scores. All items comprising the final scale...

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 75%

Time trends in symptoms of mental illness in children and adolescents in Canada

McMartin

Kingsbury

Dykxhoorn

et al. 2014

CMAJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Although temperamental characteristics can differentially predispose boys and girls toward sympathy (e.g., Eisenberg et al, 2015) and aggression (e.g., Baillargeon et al, 2007), these differences are also likely related to gender-typed socialization practices that occur at school and home. For example, being dominant and competitive are masculine-typed behaviors that are reinforced in boys early in development (Dodge et al, 2006), whereas prosocial and caring actions are frequently encouraged in girls, thereby corroborating the stereotypic view of them being naturally inclined to sympathetic feelings and less aggressive (Eisenberg et al, 2015;Grusec & Hastings, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The codevelopment of sympathy and overt aggression from middle childhood to early adolescence.

Zuffianò

Colasante

Buchmann

et al. 2018

Developmental Psychology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We assessed the extent to which feelings of sympathy and aggressive behaviors co-developed from 6 to 12 years of age in a representative sample of Swiss children (N = 1,273). Caregivers and teachers reported children's sympathy and overt aggression in three-year intervals. Secondorder latent curve models indicated general mean-level declines in sympathy and overt aggression over time, although the decline in sympathy was relatively small. Importantly, both trajectories were characterized by significant inter-individual variability. A bivariate secondorder latent curve model revealed a small-moderate negative correlation between the latent slopes of sympathy and overt aggression, suggesting an inverse co-developmental relationship between the constructs from middle childhood to early adolescence. In terms of predictive effects, an autoregressive cross-lagged model indicated a lack of bidirectional relations between sympathy and overt aggression, underscoring the primacy of the variables' rank-order stability.We discuss the co-development and developmental relations of sympathy and aggression, their potential conjoint social-emotional mechanisms, and the practical implications thereof.Keywords: sympathy, overt aggression, co-development, childhood, adolescence, secondorder latent curve model CO-DEVELOPMENT OF SYMPATHY AND AGGRESSION 3The Co-Development of Sympathy and Overt Aggression from Middle Childhood to Early Adolescence The role of sympathy in children's aggressive behavior has received considerable attention from developmental scientists over the past three decades (Joliffe & Farrington, 2006;MacEvoy & Leff, 2012;Miller & Eisenberg, 1988). The ability to sympathize, which often includes encoding and experiencing others' emotional states, is thought to help children anticipate and recognize the negative consequences of aggressive acts (for a review, see Eisenberg, Spinrad, & Morris, 2014). Children with high levels of sympathy engage in less frequent and less severe aggression (Lovett & Sheffield, 2007;van Noorden, Haselager, Cillessen, & Bukowski, 2014). Such findings yield some support for social-emotional interventions to prevent and reduce aggressive behavior, which operate under the conceptual premise that fostering sympathy and related capacities in children will result in corresponding decreases in their aggression (Durlak, Weissberg, Dymnicki, Taylor, & Schellinger, 2011;Malti, Chaparro, Zuffianò, & Colasante, 2016). However, the extent to which a child's mean-level growth in sympathy is related to a parallel, mean-level decrease in his or her aggression has not been empirically detailed within a longitudinal framework. We aimed to bridge this theoryevidence gap by investigating the co-development of sympathy and aggression from age 6 to 12 in a large, representative sample of Swiss children. In addition, given the scarcity of past longitudinal studies analyzing predictive relations between sympathy and aggression, we aimed to investigate their possible reciprocal effects and thereby offer a...

show abstract

“…For girls, anger costs them status with their parents and crying earns them status. Mothers' retrospective reports (Tremblay et al 1999) as well as longitudinal research (Baillargeon et al 2007) show that the steepest increase in boys' aggressive behaviours occurs between 11 and 15-17 months. This is an age at which they recognise their parents, other familiar faces and strangers, while there is no testosterone boost compared to girls.…”

Section: Nature Versus Nurturementioning

confidence: 99%

The status–power arena: a comprehensive agent-based model of social status dynamics and gender in groups of children

2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Despite the urgency of this issue, AI still struggles to represent social life. This article presents a comprehensive agent-based model that investigates status-power dynamics in groups. Kemper's sociological status-power theory of social relationships, and a literature review on school children in middle youth, is its basis. The model allows us to investigate causation of the near-ubiquitous phenomenon that females have lower social status on average than males. Possible causes included in the model are children's dispositional traits (kindness, beauty, and physical power), schoolyard culture (social acceptability of fighting), behavioural strategy (amount of rough-and-tumble play) and the balance between public and dyadic sources of status. An agent-based model of a virtual schoolyard was created in which the children assemble in changing groups and mutually confer status. The status conferred upon a child modifies the status it holds. Rough-and-tumble is modelled as ambiguous: it is intended as a status conferral, but may be perceived as a power move. Running many trials of the model we found that in time, depending on the parameter settings, a gender-based status gap emerged. Rough-and-tumble play had more impact on emergent status differences than did physical power differences. Social acceptability of fighting also strongly moderated the resulting status gap. Placing more weight on dyadic relationship could alleviate status loss. All these model behaviours are in line with empirical findings of child behaviour studies at schools. They have face validity for social status issues in the adult world. We conclude from this that this kind of agent-based model merits use in studying the status-power dynamics of other issues in child behaviour, or indeed in social behaviour in general.

show abstract

Gender differences in physical aggression: A prospective population-based survey of children before and after 2 years of age.

Cited by 197 publications

References 115 publications

Time trends in symptoms of mental illness in children and adolescents in Canada

Time trends in symptoms of mental illness in children and adolescents in Canada

The codevelopment of sympathy and overt aggression from middle childhood to early adolescence.

The status–power arena: a comprehensive agent-based model of social status dynamics and gender in groups of children

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About