Gender differences in skin: A review of the literature

Dao, Harry; Kazin, Rebecca A.

doi:10.1016/s1550-8579(07)80061-1

Cited by 165 publications

(135 citation statements)

References 176 publications

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“…Men generally have more acidic skin than women (22,23), and work from other microbial habitats has shown that microbial diversity is often lower in more acidic environments (24)(25)(26). Other explanations for why men and women appear to harbor distinct hand bacterial communities may include differences in sweat or sebum production, frequency of moisturizer or cosmetics application, skin thickness, or hormone production (4,23). Without detailed information on the skin characteristics of the individuals sampled for this study, we can only speculate on the causes of the apparent sex differences in hand bacterial communities.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of sex, handedness, and washing on the diversity of hand surface bacteria

Fierer

Hamady

Lauber

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

998

935

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Bacteria thrive on and within the human body. One of the largest human-associated microbial habitats is the skin surface, which harbors large numbers of bacteria that can have important effects on health. We examined the palmar surfaces of the dominant and nondominant hands of 51 healthy young adult volunteers to characterize bacterial diversity on hands and to assess its variability within and between individuals. We used a novel pyrosequencing-based method that allowed us to survey hand surface bacterial communities at an unprecedented level of detail. The diversity of skin-associated bacterial communities was surprisingly high; a typical hand surface harbored >150 unique species-level bacterial phylotypes, and we identified a total of 4,742 unique phylotypes across all of the hands examined. Although there was a core set of bacterial taxa commonly found on the palm surface, we observed pronounced intra-and interpersonal variation in bacterial community composition: hands from the same individual shared only 17% of their phylotypes, with different individuals sharing only 13%. Women had significantly higher diversity than men, and community composition was significantly affected by handedness, time since last hand washing, and an individual's sex. The variation within and between individuals in microbial ecology illustrated by this study emphasizes the challenges inherent in defining what constitutes a ''healthy'' bacterial community; addressing these challenges will be critical for the International Human Microbiome Project.human microbiome ͉ pyrosequencing ͉ skin bacteria

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of sex, handedness, and washing on the diversity of hand surface bacteria

Fierer

Hamady

Lauber

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

998

935

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“…Skin structure has a clear gender difference, which is mediated by a complex interplay between estrogens and androgens (48). The dermis in male mice is 190% thicker than the female counterparts, whereas the epidermis and hypodermis are thicker in the female than male mice (49).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fibulin-4 E57K Knock-in Mice Recapitulate Cutaneous, Vascular and Skeletal Defects of Recessive Cutis Laxa 1B with both Elastic Fiber and Collagen Fibril Abnormalities

Igoucheva

Alexeev

Halabi

et al. 2015

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Background: Mutations in fibulin-4 cause autosomal recessive cutis laxa 1B, characterized by loose skin with vascular, lung, and skeletal abnormalities. Results: A mouse strain carrying a recurrent fibulin-4 missense mutation was generated and characterized. Conclusion: Mutant mice recapitulate the complete clinical features of the disease. Significance: The study provides the first evidence that fibulin-4 regulates collagen fibrillogenesis.

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“…However, very little information is available about the dermatological needs and physical properties of male skin. While previous studies were designed to compare gender-specific differences [5,6] and to evaluate skin care products related to shaving procedures [7] and androgenetic alopecia [8], we performed the first systematic assessment of the skin physiology of men. Special attention was given to the evaluation of changes in skin properties due to the aging process.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, very little is known about the dermatological needs and physical properties of male skin. Finally, most published data regarding male skin deal with gender differences [5,6] or evaluate skin care products related to shaving procedures [7] and androgenetic alopecia [8]. To the best of our knowledge, no study has been published to date investigating the lifetime development of the physiological properties of male skin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-Related Changes in Male Skin: Quantitative Evaluation of One Hundred and Fifty Male Subjects

Luebberding

Krueger

Kerscher

2013

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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Background/Purpose: Modern men have changed their beauty and grooming habits, which has resulted in an increasing demand for cosmetics for men. However, very little information is available about the dermatological needs of male skin. Therefore, the aim of this present clinical study was to conduct the first systematic assessment of the skin physiology of men with special attention to lifetime changes. Methods: A total of 150 healthy male subjects (aged 20-70 years) were selected following strict criteria, including age, sun behavior and smoking habits. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), hydration level, sebum production and pH values were measured with worldwide-acknowledged biophysical measuring methods at the forehead, cheek, neck, volar forearm and dorsum of hand. Results: TEWL and sebum production vary by localization, but generally not with increasing age, whereas stratum corneum (SC) hydration decreases significantly at the face and neck. The greatest decrease was assessed at the forehead. Skin surface pH significantly increases with aging in the face. Conclusion: The present study assigns for the first time systematic reference values for standardized biophysical measuring methods and localizations reflecting the skin physiology of men in relation to age. The results show that the physiology of male skin partly changes with aging. While SC hydration and skin surface pH are affected by the subject's age, TEWL and sebum production show only minor variations.

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Gender differences in skin: A review of the literature

Cited by 165 publications

References 176 publications

The influence of sex, handedness, and washing on the diversity of hand surface bacteria

The influence of sex, handedness, and washing on the diversity of hand surface bacteria

Fibulin-4 E57K Knock-in Mice Recapitulate Cutaneous, Vascular and Skeletal Defects of Recessive Cutis Laxa 1B with both Elastic Fiber and Collagen Fibril Abnormalities

Age-Related Changes in Male Skin: Quantitative Evaluation of One Hundred and Fifty Male Subjects

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