Gender Differential in All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality

Abstract

The gender differential in mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke during the mean follow-up of 11.6 years (range 10-14) was examined among 4696 men and 5714 women aged 45-64 at entry in West of Scotland. Overall mortality was 19.4/1000 person-years of observation among men and 10.8/1000 person-years among women. A multiple logistic regression model was used to control the influence of gender, along with seven other cardiovascular risk factors simultaneously. The risk factors considered were age, systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), serum cholesterol, causal blood glucose, body mass index (BMI) and cigarette smoking. Both the prevalence of risk factors and relative mortality risk associated with them differed by gender. Adjustment slightly reduced the gender differential in overall mortality from 2 to 1.9 and from 1.5 to 1.4 for stroke deaths. Multiple logistic regression increased minimally the gender differential for mortality from 2.4 to 2.8 for CVD and from 2.8 to 3.4 for IHD, suggesting that these cardiovascular risk factors do not account for the overall gender difference in mortality rates. Age, SBP, DBP, blood glucose and cigarette smoking were significant predictors of mortality for both genders. Serum cholesterol was a statistically significant predictor of CVD death only for men.

Smoking cessation, weight gain, and changes in cardiovascular risk factors during menopause: the Healthy Women Study.

“…Monthly menses were tracked via postcards completed by the participants. Follow-up assessment was scheduled with a participant when she reported one of the following regarding menstruation: (1) cessation for 12 months, (2) cessation followed by hormone replacement therapy for a combined total of 12 months, or (3) The baseline data for nonsmokers, continuing smokers, and those who quit after baseline are also summarized in Table 1. There were no statistically significant group differences for weight, fasting glucose, 2-hour glucose, insulin, or systolic blood pressure.…”

Gender-specific risk factors for mortality associated with incident coronary heart disease—A prospective community-based study

“…Second, risk factors may have differential effects for males and females. A meta-analysis showed that the impact of diabetes on CHD mortality is greater for females (Lee et al, 2000), while males show greater effects of disability, cholesterol and smoking (Janghorbani et al, 1993;Kattainen et al, 2004;Marang-van de Mheen et al, 2001).…”

Association of Cardiovascular Disease with the Metabolic Syndrome in a Predominantly Male Cohort with Rheumatoid Arthritis

“…The few existing studies that have examined the relationship of RA with MetS primarily involved women, and indicated increased mortality from CVD among those satisfying criteria for MetS. Men with RA have more extra-articular disease and a greater overall mortality (Janghorbani et al, 1993;Jawaheer et al, 2006;Mikuls et al, 2011). In general, there is a disproportionate individual impact of MetS, CVD, and RA in men.…”

“…Most data on RA, including reports related to MetS and CVD, are comprised mainly of females. The few reports on RA in males indicate a more severe course of disease, and worse outcome (Ford et al, 2002;Janghorbani et al, 1993;Jawaheer et al, 2006;Mikuls et al, 2011). Further, elderly males more often have comorbid diseases such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension that places them at even greater risk for CVD.…”