Gender disparity in LDL-induced cardiovascular damage and the protective role of estrogens against electronegative LDL

Lee, An‐Sheng; Chen, Wei-Yu; Chan, Hua‐Chen; Hsu, Jing‐Fang; Shen, Ming-Yi; Chang, Chia‐Ming; Bair, Henry; Su, Ming‐Jai; Chang, Kuan‐Cheng; Chen, Chu‐Huang

doi:10.1186/1475-2840-13-64

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“… 52 , 53 Elevated levels of L5 were observed in the plasma of patients with metabolic syndrome, a group of metabolic abnormalities that are associated with CVDs, which is used to identify individuals with high cardiovascular risk. 89 Together these results suggest that LDL electronegativity might be considered as a novel predictor of cardiovascular risk.…”

Section: Clinical Importance Of the Ldl Electronegativity Index In Prmentioning

confidence: 84%

LDL electronegativity index: a potential novel index for predicting cardiovascular disease

Ivanova

Bobryshev

Orekhov³

2015

VHRM

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High cardiovascular risk conditions are frequently associated with altered plasma lipoprotein profile, such as elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and LDL cholesterol and decreased high-density lipoprotein. There is, however, accumulating evidence that specific subclasses of LDL may play an important role in cardiovascular disease development, and their relative concentration can be regarded as a more relevant risk factor. LDL particles undergo multiple modifications in plasma that can lead to the increase of their negative charge. The resulting electronegative LDL [LDL(–)] subfraction has been demonstrated to be especially atherogenic, and became a subject of numerous recent studies. In this review, we discuss the physicochemical properties of LDL(–), methods of its detection, atherogenic activity, and relevance of the LDL electronegativity index as a potential independent predictor of cardiovascular risk.

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Section: Clinical Importance Of the Ldl Electronegativity Index In Prmentioning

confidence: 84%

LDL electronegativity index: a potential novel index for predicting cardiovascular disease

Ivanova

Bobryshev

Orekhov³

2015

VHRM

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“…Hormonal and genetic parameters were not monitored in our study; however, previous scientific evidence has confirmed that both parameters influence lipid metabolism and LDL modifications (oxidative or not) 31 . According to Lee et al, during puberty, increased estrogen levels prevent the oxidative DNA damage and endothelial senescence induced by LDL(-) 32 . Our study was not able to confirm that finding; however, more than 94% of adolescents were in the pubertal stage, and both groups showed similar distributions between girls and boys.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidized and electronegative low-density lipoprotein as potential biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in obese adolescents

Freitas

Fernandez

Cohen

et al. 2018

Clinics

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OBJECTIVES:To evaluate biomarkers associated with early cardiometabolic risk in obese adolescents.METHODS:This cross-sectional study included 137 adolescents of both sexes aged 10 to 19 years divided into a normal weight group (NW) (n=69) and an obese group (OB) (n=68).RESULTS:As expected, obesity showed positive associations with homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triacylglycerol, insulin, plasma levels of non-esterified fatty acids, and cholesterol ester transfer protein activity and negative associations with plasma antioxidant levels. Plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and electronegative low-density lipoprotein [LDL(-)] levels were significantly higher in the OB group. Higher tertiles of oxLDL were associated with increased values of body mass index; waist circumference; fatty mass percentage (%FM); and the atherogenic lipids non-high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein B and triacylglycerol. Higher tertiles of LDL(-) were robustly associated with body mass index and waist circumference. Logistic regression models (odds ratios) confirmed that increased values of lipids and apolipoprotein B were associated with increased risk of oxLDL. For LDL(-), these associations were not significant, suggesting that another mechanism is involved in generating this particle in obese adolescents.CONCLUSIONS:Obese adolescents showed increased plasma LDL(-) and oxLDL, and obese girls had more LDL(-) than obese boys. Therefore, oxLDL is strongly and independently associated with classical cardiovascular risk factors, while increased levels of LDL(-) were influenced by body mass index, waist circumference and demographic parameters in obese adolescents.

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“…LDL becomes more atherogenic and toxic as its particle size decreases and its electronegativity increases [ 42 ]. A recent study found that LDL electronegativity is higher in male patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) than female patients with MetS, which underlie the increased propensity to CAD observed in male patients [ 43 ]. Previous study showed that increased sdLDL fraction and decreased LDL particle size were positively correlated with the extent and severity of CAD [ 30 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relation of plasma PCSK9 levels to lipoprotein subfractions in patients with stable coronary artery disease

Zhang

et al. 2014

Lipids Health Dis

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Background: Plasma PCSK9 levels was positively associated with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (LDL-C) and atherosclerosis, while PCSK9 may also be implicated in the metabolism of lipoprotein subfractions. The study was to examine the association of plasma PCSK9 with lipoprotein subfractions in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods: A total of 281 consecutive, stable CAD patients who were not treated with lipid-lowering drugs were enrolled. The baseline clinical characteristics were collected, the plasma PCSK9 levels were determined using ELISA, and the LDL and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subfractions were analyzed by Lipoprint System. The association of plasma PCSK9 levels with the lipoprotein subfractions was investigated. Results: In the overall population, plasma PCSK9 levels were positively associated with the concentration of LDL-C, intermediate LDL-C, small LDL-C, and LDL score, while negatively correlated with mean LDL particle size. PCSK9 levels were positively associated with the concentration of HDL-C, intermediate HDL-C and small HDL-C. Multivariable regression analysis revealed that the plasma PCSK9 levels were significantly and independently associated with the concentration of intermediate LDL-C (β = 0.152, p = 0.013), small LDL-C (β = 0.179, p = 0.004), LDL score (β = 0.121, p = 0.043), and mean LDL particle size (β = -0.130, p = 0.035), while not HDL subfractions. Interestingly, when investigated in male and female patients separately, these relationships were only found in male but not in female, and the small HDL-C exhibited an association with PCSK9 levels in male patients (β = 0.149, p = 0.045). Conclusions: PCSK9 levels were independently associated with the changes of lipoprotein subfractions, suggesting a potential interaction between PCSK9 and lipoprotein subfractions in CAD.

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Gender disparity in LDL-induced cardiovascular damage and the protective role of estrogens against electronegative LDL

Cited by 18 publications

References 49 publications

LDL electronegativity index: a potential novel index for predicting cardiovascular disease

LDL electronegativity index: a potential novel index for predicting cardiovascular disease

Oxidized and electronegative low-density lipoprotein as potential biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in obese adolescents

Relation of plasma PCSK9 levels to lipoprotein subfractions in patients with stable coronary artery disease

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