Gender equality related to gender differences in life expectancy across the globe gender equality and life expectancy

Abstract

Life expectancy (LE) depends on the wider determinants of health, many of which have gendered effects worldwide. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether gender equality was associated with LE for women and men and the gender gap in LE across the globe. Gender equality in 156 countries was estimated using a modified global gender gap index (mGGGI), based on the index developed by the World Economic Forum between 2010 and 2021. Linear regression was used to investigate the association between the mGGGI and its economic, political, and education subindices and the gender gap in LE and women and men’s LE. Overall, the mGGGI increased from 58% in 2010 to 62% in 2021. Globally, changes in the mGGGI and its economic and political subindexes were not associated with changes in the gender gap in LE or with LE for women and men between 2010 and 2020. Improvements in gender equality in education were associated with a longer LE for women and men and widening of the gender gap in LE. In 2021, each 10% increase in the mGGGI was associated with a 4.3-month increase in women’s LE and a 3.5-month increase in men’s LE, and thus with an 8-month wider gender gap. However, the direction and magnitude of these associations varied between regions. Each 10% increase in the mGGGI was associated with a 6-month narrower gender gap in high-income countries, and a 13- and 16-month wider gender gap in South and Southeast Asia and Oceania, and in Sub-Saharan Africa, respectively. Globally, greater gender equality is associated with longer LE for both women and men and a widening of the gender gap in LE. The variation in this association across world regions suggests that gender equality may change as countries progress towards socioeconomic development and gender equality.

Women Neurosurgeons Worldwide: Characterizing the Global Female Neurosurgical Workforce

“…14 The GGGI has been used as an indicator to predict gender disparities in medicine since it benchmarks 146 countries with a higher ranking meaning a higher level of gender parity in a country. 15,16…”

The impact of education level and economic freedom on gender inequality: panel evidence from emerging markets

“… Vyas-Doorgapersad (2019) reached the conclusion that gender equality was a significant instrument to combat poverty in South Africa. Pinho-Gomes et al (2023) analyzed the relationship between gender equality and gender differences in life expectancy in 156 countries over the 2010–2021 period through regression analysis and revealed that higher gender equality was related to longer life expectance for women and men, but that the gender gap in life expectancy had widened. Kolip and Lange (2018) found a similar interaction between gender inequality and the gender gap in life expectancy for the European Union member states.…”

Политика В Области Охраны Здоровья Мужчин

“…Cтандартизированная по возрасту распространенность диабета среди взрослых, по меньшей мере, удвоилась среди мужчин в 120 странах и среди женщин в 87 странах [7]. В странах с высоким уровнем дохода в 2020 году от самоубийств умерло в три раза больше мужчин, чем женщин, в то время как во всем мире соответствующий показатель был почти в два раза больше [8]. Аналогичная картина наблюдается и в дорожно-транспортных происшествиях: почти три четверти (73%) всех смертей в результате дорожно-транспортных происшествий приходится на молодых мужчин в возрасте до 25 лет [8,9].…”

“…В странах с высоким уровнем дохода в 2020 году от самоубийств умерло в три раза больше мужчин, чем женщин, в то время как во всем мире соответствующий показатель был почти в два раза больше [8]. Аналогичная картина наблюдается и в дорожно-транспортных происшествиях: почти три четверти (73%) всех смертей в результате дорожно-транспортных происшествий приходится на молодых мужчин в возрасте до 25 лет [8,9]. На многие проблемы со здоровьем, с которыми сталкиваются мужчины, заметно влияют социальные детерминанты здоровья и межсекторальные факторы, при этом социально-экономическое давление, этническая принадлежность, инвалидность, а также пол и статус сексуального меньшинства -все это связано с повышенным риском неравенства в отношении здоровья [10][11][12][13].…”