Gender equity in televised sports: A comparative analysis of men's and women's NCAA division I basketball championship broadcasts, 1991–1995

Hallmark, James R.; Armstrong, Richard N.

doi:10.1080/08838159909364486

Cited by 54 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Topics a commentator uses to praise male athletes include their athletic skills; their overall dedication to their sport, team, or game; and their overall courage (Eastman and Billings 1999). Female athletes' achievements, however, are more often attributed to luck or the guidance of a strong male influence (Eastman and Billings 2000;Hallmark and Armstrong 1999). Female athletes are also compared to their male counterparts instead of allowing their achievements to stand on their own (Eastman and Billings 2000;Halbert and Latimer 1994).…”

Section: Review Of Literaturementioning

confidence: 97%

“…The championship tournament for the men's basketball is typically designated as the 'NCAA Basketball Championship Game' or the 'NCAA Final Four.' The very same tournament, but for women's basketball, is labeled as the 'NCAA Women's Basketball Championship Game' or the 'NCAA Women's Final Four' (Hallmark and Armstrong 1999). This gendered identification of women's sports occurs during many different sporting events (Messner et al 1993).…”

Section: Review Of Literaturementioning

confidence: 97%

“…The women's games had more full-screen graphics than men's games, thereby taking the viewer away from the action of the game more often. It has been theorized that the implication of such a detraction from the playing of the sport is that the action of the women's game is not as exciting as that of the men's game, therefore making it more acceptable to interrupt the broadcast with full screen graphics describing statistics from the game or advertising for future television broadcasts (Hallmark and Armstrong 1999). The greater number of full-court camera shots broadcast during men's games than women's games suggests that the networks believe viewers want to see the action of the men's games more than that of the women's games (Hallmark and Armstrong 1999).…”

Section: Review Of Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been theorized that the implication of such a detraction from the playing of the sport is that the action of the women's game is not as exciting as that of the men's game, therefore making it more acceptable to interrupt the broadcast with full screen graphics describing statistics from the game or advertising for future television broadcasts (Hallmark and Armstrong 1999). The greater number of full-court camera shots broadcast during men's games than women's games suggests that the networks believe viewers want to see the action of the men's games more than that of the women's games (Hallmark and Armstrong 1999). The duration of close-ups, peripheral shots and partial court shots were longer for women's games than for men's games, again taking parts, or all, of the game out of the sight of the viewer (Hallmark and Armstrong 1999).…”

Section: Review Of Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…A content analysis by Hallmark and Armstrong (1999) explored both the men's and women's NCAA Basketball Championship Broadcasts from 1991 to 1995. The women's games had more full-screen graphics than men's games, thereby taking the viewer away from the action of the game more often.…”

Section: Review Of Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

How Did the Sport Make You Feel? Looking at the Three Dimensions of Emotion through a Gendered Lens

Angelini

2007

Sex Roles

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Emotional responses to mediated messages are dependent on the viewer and the content of the message. In this experiment, self-reported emotional responses of undergraduate females (N=43) to gendered sports portrayals featuring male and female athletes were measured on the self-assessment mannikin. Female viewers felt more positive, aroused and dominant while watching sports broadcasts featuring female athletes rather than broadcasts featuring male athletes. These finding suggest that female viewers have these emotional responses due to the fact that these female athletes are surpassing the expectations their participation held in a traditionally masculine area. Also, feelings of positivity and arousal toward male athletes participating in feminine sports shows an acceptance of male athletes exhibiting characteristics traditionally thought exclusive to females.

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Section: Review Of Literaturementioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Review Of Literaturementioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Review Of Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Review Of Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Review Of Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

How Did the Sport Make You Feel? Looking at the Three Dimensions of Emotion through a Gendered Lens

Angelini

2007

Sex Roles

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Resuscitating Feminist Audience Studies: Revisiting the Politics of Representation and Resistance

Parameswaran¹

2003

A Companion to Media Studies

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number of minor ailments, ultimately leading the woman into a sick, weakened and passive state, to the drugged, shaved, and strapped down position of delivering mothers in the 1950s and 1960s, the definition of women as sick, required inactive acceptance of this state. In most cases, the cure was literally worse than the illness, creating greater sickness or physical difficulties among women than they would have had without medical intervention. As outlined by Barker-Benfield (1977), the medical establishment effectively seduced women into their pocket books using this tactic. The more doctors treated, published their ideas, dismembered women, and consigned them to lives of invalidism, the more dependent on the men in this specialty they became (Barker-Benfield, 1977). Furthermore, the more doctors defined women as sick, the more they were able to observe and categorize women, and the more often they were called on to cure women (Barker-Benfield, 1977). . ' Daly (1990) asserts that this -incessant definition of women as diseased causes preoccupation and anxiety spurned by frequent check-ups and a sense of medical dependency. The mass media, which allows for greater information dispersion, helps to demystify certain specialties, such as medicine. At the same time, studies indicate that certain types of information create an unrealistic paranoia and sense of danger in the audience. "In being aware of the public gaze, the individual unconsciously him-or herself exerts disciplinary power, both over others and over the self through self-regulation" (Lupton, 1994, p. 32). This is not to suggest that individuals should not seek preventive measures, screen for cancer, utilize technology for fertility control, etc. The difference is the degree to which the individual engages in active, self-determined, and informed decision-making regarding her/his body and its care. In order for an individual to live independently, she/he must be allowed personal control of their essence of self the body. Medical dependency and accompanying public visibility of that dependency may create a paranoid state leading to robotic acquiescence to medical control devoid of empowered decision-making. Therefore, investigating the way and degree to which men and women are depicted as patients may illumine control mechanisms functioning on the social, medical profession, and individual (through selfpol icing) levels. The Passive PatientTo control relies on coercion or the passive acquiesce of the controlled. The functionalist theory to medicine, applied by sociologist Talcott Parsons, delineated the traditional 'sick role' of the patient as one of passivity, compliance, and gratefulness compared to the powerful, paternal, and beneficent role of the physician (Lupton, 1984) was the standard mode of medical operation in the 1950s and 1960s. Even nurses, originally trained 1 1 8 1977). This medical bias has been transferred into the public view as well. In her historical analysis of cancer promotion, Leslie Reagan (1997) notes that cancer screening me...

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New Rules for New Times: Sportswomen and Media Representation in the Third Wave

2015

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Gender equity in televised sports: A comparative analysis of men's and women's NCAA division I basketball championship broadcasts, 1991–1995

Cited by 54 publications

References 29 publications

How Did the Sport Make You Feel? Looking at the Three Dimensions of Emotion through a Gendered Lens

How Did the Sport Make You Feel? Looking at the Three Dimensions of Emotion through a Gendered Lens

Resuscitating Feminist Audience Studies: Revisiting the Politics of Representation and Resistance

New Rules for New Times: Sportswomen and Media Representation in the Third Wave

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