Gender inclusiveness in disaster risk governance for sustainable recovery of 2015 Gorkha Earthquake, Nepal

Gender in Disaster Mitigation

“…It is also traditional discourse which instills access from gender to the society (Reyes & Lu, 2015;Chineka, Musyoki, Kori, & Chikoore, 2019). Gender-inclusive discourses in the context of disasters could create gender participation in disaster mitigation (Thapa & Pathranarakul, 2019). Disaster contexts also include political discourse that related to gender identity in a community (Hasan, Nasreen, & Chowdhury, 2019).…”

“…There exists traditional discourse which built gender discourse in a form of stereotypes in disaster mitigations (Banford & Froude, 2015;Akerkar & Fordham, 2017;Chineka et al, 2019). Patriarchy dominance in a society (Thapa & Pathranarakul, 2019) could create difficulties for women to be given a responsibility in decision-making positions (Hemachandra et al, 2018). Women would assume domestic roles, meanwhile the social construction in traditional society would be relatively dominated by men.…”

“…Only a handful of people affiliated with Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and political parties are aware of gender equality, and women and human rights (Reyes & Lu, 2015). One of the main factors in why women and children are included in vulnerable populations is due to lack of access and opportunities (Thapa & Pathranarakul, 2019), based on culture, social, and position of the individuals in the society (Becker, 2011;Hemachandra et al, 2018;Thapa & Pathranarakul, 2019). Most men would disagree and object in the idea of women being given a role in disaster situations (Enarson & Chakrabarti, 2009;Thapa & Pathranarakul, 2019;Hasan et al, 2019) The belief of religion discourse also affects the limits and roles of women in social structures, household burdens, education, interests, policies and legislations, organizational culture, political environment, and household income (Enarson & Chakrabarti, 2009;Hemachandra et al, 2018;Hasan et al, 2019).…”

“…It may happen due to social policies and government roles which evoke structural violence, making it normalized and accepted by the society. Structural violence would occur when there is a lack of coordination between the government, departments, and local communities; lack of data processing on disasters; instability in system regulation; lack of funding; lack of monitoring; incomplete disaster policies; lack of inclusivity, transparency, and timely manner in government policies; leading to difficulties in the realization of a gender responsive disaster mitigation (Hemachandra et al, 2018;Thapa & Pathranarakul, 2019). It is also true that violence does not always occur from the governmental aspect.…”

“…Therefore, a traditionally constructed gender role would affect the impact of disaster in femininity and masculinity in a society. We should consider the way in which we built different gender roles creates different risks for men and women in disaster situations, and how we plan it, by avoiding assumptions that men with their masculinity would be tougher than women with their femininity (Thapa & Pathranarakul, 2019). With a marginalized femininity in a society and a masculine dominance, women that are considered vulnerable population would become more vulnerable in disasters due to the fact that they would face greater risks of disaster.…”