Gender inequality and violence against women in Spain, 2006-2014: towards a civilized society

Abstract

ObjectiveConsidering both the economic crisis of 2008 and the Gender Equality Law (2007), this study analyses the association between gender inequality in Spanish Autonomous Communities (AC) and intimate partner violence (IPV) from 2006 to 2014 in terms of socio-demographic characteristics.MethodsEcological study in the 17 Spanish AC on the correlation between the reported cases by IPV and deaths and the Gender Inequality Index and its dimensions: empowerment, participation in the labour market and adolescent birth rates; and their correlation with Young People Not in Education, Employment or Training (NEET).ResultsIn 2006, IPV mortality rates were higher in autonomous communities with greater gender inequality than AC with more equality (4.1 vs. 2.5 × 106 women >14 years), as were reporting rates of IPV (OR = 1.49; 95% CI: 1.47–1.50). In 2014, the IPV mortality rates in AC with greater gender inequality fell to just below the mortality rates in AC with more gender equality (2.5 vs. 2.7 × 106 women >14 years). Rates of IPV reports also decreased (OR = 1.22; 95% CI: 1.20–1.23). Adolescent birth rates were most associated with IPV reports, which were also associated with the burden of NEET by AC (ρ2006 = 0.494, ρ2014 = 0.615).ConclusionGender-sensitive policies may serve as a platform for reduced mortality and reports of IPV in Spain, particularly in AC with more gender inequality. A reduction of NEET may reduce adolescent birth rates and in turn IPV rates.

Vocational training and sexual assault against women: challenges for graduation in nursing

“…Understanding this phenomenon challenges research centers in several countries, especially in trying to contribute to governments in addressing them. [1][2][3][4] Throughout history, violence against women has been an active instrument of discrimination that has allowed the construction, consolidation and solidification of this inequality in order to gain control, subordination and prevent its full emancipation. [1][2][3][4][5] Accordingly, the Inter-American Convention on the 'Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence Against Women' assumes that such violence corresponds to any action or conduct based on gender, causing death, harm or physical, sexual or psychological distress to women, both publicly and privately.…”

Relación entre dependencia emocional y maltrato psicológico en forma de victimización y agresión en jóvenes

“…Tanto en las primeras relaciones como en las parejas más consolidadas se manifiestan conductas violentas en mayor o menor medida (Batiza, 2017;Medrano, Miranda, y Figueras, 2017;Redding, Ruiz, Fernández, y Guijarro, 2017;Sjödin, Wallinius, Billstedt, Hofvander, y Nilsson, 2017). En este sentido, Johnson, Giordano, Manning y Longmore (2015) han hallado que el pico de la violencia se da a los 20 años y disminuye a partir de esta edad.…”

Love Attitudes and Violence: Consequences of Burden of Care on Women

“…Another factor to bear in mind is that more than half of the participants had tertiary education. Education is positively associated with the empowerment of women and more balanced gender roles in relationships (Vega, 2007) and, hence, a higher level of education could be protective against partner violence (Golden, Perreira, & Durrance, 2013;Redding et al, 2017). Given all this, our findings should be interpreted with caution.…”

“…h t t p s : / / j o u r n a l s. c o p m a d r i d. o rg / c l ys a Increasing awareness of severity and extent of violence against women has led to its recognition as a societal problem rather than being considered a private matter. Violence against women perpetrated by their partners is a complex and multi-causal phenomenon (Redding, Ruiz-Cantero, Fernández-Sáez, & Guijarro-Garvi, 2017). Over the years, different terms have been used to define it depending on the type of relationship.…”