ObjectiveConsidering both the economic crisis of 2008 and the Gender Equality Law (2007), this study analyses the association between gender inequality in Spanish Autonomous Communities (AC) and intimate partner violence (IPV) from 2006 to 2014 in terms of socio-demographic characteristics.MethodsEcological study in the 17 Spanish AC on the correlation between the reported cases by IPV and deaths and the Gender Inequality Index and its dimensions: empowerment, participation in the labour market and adolescent birth rates; and their correlation with Young People Not in Education, Employment or Training (NEET).ResultsIn 2006, IPV mortality rates were higher in autonomous communities with greater gender inequality than AC with more equality (4.1 vs. 2.5 × 106 women >14 years), as were reporting rates of IPV (OR = 1.49; 95% CI: 1.47–1.50). In 2014, the IPV mortality rates in AC with greater gender inequality fell to just below the mortality rates in AC with more gender equality (2.5 vs. 2.7 × 106 women >14 years). Rates of IPV reports also decreased (OR = 1.22; 95% CI: 1.20–1.23). Adolescent birth rates were most associated with IPV reports, which were also associated with the burden of NEET by AC (ρ2006 = 0.494, ρ2014 = 0.615).ConclusionGender-sensitive policies may serve as a platform for reduced mortality and reports of IPV in Spain, particularly in AC with more gender inequality. A reduction of NEET may reduce adolescent birth rates and in turn IPV rates.

Racism is a critical determinant of health that affects outcomes; shapes practice, policy, research, and interventions; and disproportionately burdens nondominant racial populations. The racial justice challenges of today, combined with persistent health inequities exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, have intensified the need for racial equity–minded public health professionals. Because training programs play a key role in developing professionals, they must center teaching about racism and promoting antiracism within their curricula. The critical race theory–grounded strategy Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCRP) provides a useful framework, calling for examination of how racism operates within individuals and the systems, such as public health, in which they work. Foundational public health courses provide a vital opportunity to launch such an examination and lay the groundwork for antiracism praxis. This article offers a curricular model that integrates PCHRP with a creative approach to facilitate exploration of racial identity among public health students. Students in our course use photography and written reflections to create dual portraits, one depicting how they see themselves and the other imagining how they might be seen by others in our racialized society. Our pedagogical process prompts critical self-reflection about racial identity, a crucial foundation for addressing the health consequences of structural racism. Spurred by creative inquiry, students of all racial and ethnic backgrounds tell us that our course boosts their racial consciousness, enhances their understanding and ability to engage diverse communities, equips them to see and name racism in the public health context, and galvanizes them to work toward dismantling it.

District court judges who make final determinations in domestic violence protective order (DVPO) cases in North Carolina indicate often using heuristics, such as the presence of visible injury, to guide their assessment of violence severity. This approach is concerning as it minimizes nonphysical intimate partner violence. We conducted a thematic analysis of DVPO plaintiff complaints to identify the types of nonphysical vioence described and its effects on plaintiff health outcomes. Most case files included descriptions of nonphysical violence and plaintiffs described fear as a significant mental health outcome. Findings highlight the potentially deleterious impact of nonphysical violence on the well-being of DVPO plaintiffs.

T he health benefits of walking as a method of transportation include combatting the obesity epidemic by increasing physical activity [1] and reducing motorized transportation's contribution to air pollution [2]. In addition, walking provides an essential form of transportation for the estimated 9% of US households without access to a personal vehicle [3]. However, in the setting of non-pedestrian-centered transportation infrastructure, common in the United States, pedestrians are vulnerable road users who are more susceptible to injury and death in motor vehicle crashes. In 2018, 6283 pedestrians were killed in traffic crashes in the United States, the highest number since 1990 [4]. In 2018, there were 225 pedestrian fatalities in North Carolina, representing a 31% increase since 2014 [5]. MethodsThis study was approved by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Institutional Review Board. Data Sources and Study PopulationIn order to understand the circumstances, patient characteristics, and health outcomes of pedestrians injured in police-reported motor vehicle crashes in North Carolina, we linked motor vehicle crash and North Carolina Disease Event Tracking and Epidemiologic Collection Tool (NC DETECT) NC DETECT emergency department (ED) visit data.The University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center (UNC HSRC) provided records for all pedestrians involved in North Carolina police-reported traffic crashes for the year 2017. UNC HSRC maintains a copy of the crash report data from the North Carolina Division of Motor Vehicles' (excluding the names of the individuals involved). The UNC HSRC crash data file only contains information for traffic crashes reported to police and that involve fatalities, injuries, total property damage greater than or equal to $1,000, or result in a vehicle being seized [6]. UNC HSRC identified pedestrian crash records as records with a Unit Type listed as a "Pedestrian," a Person Type listed as "3-Pedestrian," or a Vehicle Type listed as "24-Pedestrian."The North Carolina Division of Public Health (NCDPH) provided ED visit records for all patients treated for injuries in 2017. These records are collected by NC DETECT, North Carolina's legislatively mandated statewide syndromic surveillance system [7]. NC DETECT includes ED visit records from all 24/7 acute-care hospital-affiliated civilian emergency departments in North Carolina. Patient ED visit records were identified as injury-related if the ICD-10-CM code started with an "S," "T," "V," "W," "X," or "Y." MeasuresFrom the UNC HSRC crash data, we examined race/ Hispanic ethnicity (crash data do not disaggregate the 2 characteristics), North Carolina county of crash, hour of

No abstract