Gender Inequality

Ponthieux, Sophie; Meurs, Dominique

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-59428-0.00013-8

Cited by 100 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 555 publications

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“…While roles of mothers and fathers, and the ways in which they come to be embodied and are practised, are fluid, diverse and interact with factors such as class, ethnicity and sexuality (McDowell ; Murray ), normative conventions and institutions continue to encourage basic distinctions between mothers and fathers both prior and subsequent to separation. Despite considerable change, gendered care‐giving assumptions and differences in the rates, and earnings, of men and women in paid employment remain (Phillipson and Allan ; Ponthieux and Meurs ). As such, women continue to hold the vast majority of pre‐ and post‐separation childcare responsibilities (Harris‐Short ) – in the UK 91 per cent of lone‐parent households are headed by women (ONS ).…”

Section: Linked Lives and Interactions With Social Institutional Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linked lives and constrained spatial mobility: the case of moves related to separation among families with children

Thomas

Mulder

Cooke

2017

Trans Inst British Geog

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Following considerable social and demographic change over the past six decades, macro-social theories have attempted to explain contemporary society through trends of weakening traditional institutions (e.g. state, church and family) and certainties (e.g. life-long full-time work and marriage) and growing self-articulation, individualisation, destandardisation and uncertainty. At the same time, new theories and discourses on population movement have emerged, in which emphasis is placed on mobility as both an empowering personal choice and a dominant process of modernity. The contemporary ubiquity of separation, and the corresponding rise of single-person and lone-parent households, is often proposed as one of the clearest articulations of instability, individualisation and weakening of the family. However, through regression-based modelling of geocoded British Household Panel Survey data, we use the compelling case of moves related to separation among families to demonstrate how: (1) links between related individuals can simultaneously trigger, shape and constrain (im)mobility; (2) linked lives can intersect in important ways with social, institutional and geographical structures; and (3) linked postseparation (im)mobility outcomes can often contradict individually-stated pre-separation preferences. Controlling for a range of multilevel characteristics, we find significant gender distinctions, with fathers more likely to leave the family home than mothers, and mothers less likely to break with post-separation familial proximity than fathers. Structural factors including housing-market geographies and population density are found to further shape these (im)mobility patterns. Together, our empirical analysis suggests that family dissolution will rarely herald a period of heightened individualisation, self-determination and unencumbered mobility. Indeed, a wider appreciation of the rise of non-traditional households, their complex linked lives and associated constraints could contribute to more realistic explanations of modern (im)mobility patterns and processes. IntroductionOver the past 60 years Western nations have witnessed huge social change, with macro theories from the Second Demographic Transition (Lesthaeghe and van de Kaa 1986) to the 'risk society' (Beck 1992) emphasising the weakening of traditional institutions (e.g. state, church and family) and certainties (e.g. life-long full-time work and marriage) and the proliferation of self-articulation, individualisation and diversity. The growth and widespread acceptance of various nontraditional households -e.g. non-marital and postseparation cohabitation, living apart together, same sex, step and lone parent households -is often proposed as one of the clearest articulations of this process. Indeed, in England and Wales, official marriage, divorce and mortality statistics show 42 per cent of marriages now end in divorce (ONS 2013), while almost half of divorces occur in families containing children under 16 years of age (ONS 2012). Perhaps unsurprisingly, t...

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Section: Linked Lives and Interactions With Social Institutional Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linked lives and constrained spatial mobility: the case of moves related to separation among families with children

Thomas

Mulder

Cooke

2017

Trans Inst British Geog

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“…This empirical evidence supports hypothesis 2, as it is indicative of a “positional” gender segregation against RFDs. It echoes the occupational gender segregation commonly observed in the labor market (Ponthieux and Meurs ): even with similar observable characteristics, women and men do not occupy the same positions (with women being under‐represented in top and high‐paying occupations).…”

Section: The Positions and Compensation Of Rookie Female Directorsmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…On the other hand, supply‐side effects may also be responsible for gender inequality at the board level. Literature (in labor economics or sociology) on gender inequality provides massive evidence of barriers to female labor‐force participation in high‐profile occupations (at the workplace or management level), due to the aforementioned stereotypes but also to the costs of managing work and family (Ponthieux and Meurs ; Smith, Smith, and Verner ). Whatever the reasons behind these barriers, their mere existence generates a shortage of female candidates to board positions with top executive experience (Adams and Kirchmaier ).…”

Section: Institutional Setting and Research Questionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a second step, and assuming that we indeed observe a significant conditional gender pay gap, we would like to further identify the drivers of this gap. A very large body of empirical research has sought to identify the determinants of the (persistent) gender wage gap commonly observed all over the world (see Ponthieux and Meurs for a survey). This gap may reflect a situation of “pure discrimination” or “unequal pay for equal work”: from a statistical point of view, there is such discrimination when a significant remuneration gap is observed even controlling for occupations and other observable individual characteristics.…”

Section: The Positions and Compensation Of Rookie Female Directorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Role of Rookie Female Directors in a Post‐Quota Period: Gender Inequalities within French Boards

Rebérioux¹,

Roudaut²

2019

Industrial Relations

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The board-level gender quota enacted in France has induced the massive arrival in corporate boards of a new population-namely, women with no prior board experience. We examine the positions and the compensation of these "rookie female directors." We show that, conditional on their individual characteristics and firm effects, rookie female directors have had a limited access to the key positions within boards and have suffered from a significant compensation gap. We interpret this evidence of positional segregation as resulting from gender stereotypes that have persisted in the process of rookie female directors' integration within boards. JEL: J16, G34, J31, J71. *The authors' affiliations are, respectively

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“…In recent years the discrepancy between actual working hours of parents with young children and their wishes regarding working time arrangements is increasingly discussed by the public, not least as an important dimension of the gender pay gap (Ponthieux and Meurs, 2015). The core idea of the family working time model is to pay financial benefits to couples if, and only if, both partners work about 30 hours per week.…”

Section: The Family Working Time Model: Financial Incentives For the mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Family Working Time Model: Toward More Gender Equality in Work and Care

2016

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Since the millennium, the labor market participation of women and mothers is increasing across European countries. Several work/care policy measures underlie this evolution. At the same time, the labor market behavior of men and fathers, as well as their involvement in care work, is relatively unchanging, meaning that employed mothers are facing an increased burden with respect to gainful employment and providing care. We propose a family working time model that incentivizes fathers and mothers to both work in extended part-time employment. It provides a benefit in form of a lumpsum transfer or income replacement for each parent if, and only if, both parents work 30 hours per week. Thus, it explicitly addresses fathers and -contrary to most conventional family policiesactively promotes the dual earner/dual carer paradigm. Combining microsimulation and labor supply estimation, we empirically analyze the potential of the family working time model in the German context. The relatively small share of families already choosing the symmetric distribution of about 30 working hours would increase by 60 per cent. By showing that a lump-sum transfer especially benefits low-income families, we contribute to the debate about redistributive implications of family policies. The basic principles of the model generalize to other European countries where families increasingly desire an equal distribution of employment and care. In order to enhance the impact of such a policy, employers' norms and workplace culture as well as the supply of high-quality childcare must catch-up with changing workforce preferences. Terms of use: Documents in

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Gender Inequality

Cited by 100 publications

References 555 publications

Linked lives and constrained spatial mobility: the case of moves related to separation among families with children

Linked lives and constrained spatial mobility: the case of moves related to separation among families with children

The Role of Rookie Female Directors in a Post‐Quota Period: Gender Inequalities within French Boards

The Family Working Time Model: Toward More Gender Equality in Work and Care

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