Gender-related factors affecting primate social behavior: Grooming, rank, age, and kinship in heterosexual and all-male groups of stumptail macaques

Butovskaya, Marina L.; Kozintsev, Alexander

doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199609)101:1<39::aid-ajpa4>3.0.co;2-8

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…In contrast, egalitarian species, such as Tonkean macaques, have relationships that are only moderately influenced by social ranking and kinship. The repertoire of formal submissive patterns is reduced and the proportion of friendly interactions is high even among unrelated subjects (Butovskaya, 2004; Butovskaya & Kozintsev, 1996; Preuschoft & van Hooff, 1995).…”

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confidence: 99%

Yawning and social styles: Different functions in tolerant and despotic macaques (Macaca tonkeana and Macaca fuscata).

Zannella

Stanyon

Palagi

2017

Journal of Comparative Psychology

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Yawning is a multifunctional behavior with a role in social communication. In Old World monkeys, the "tension yawn" is often used as a threat, allowing individuals to completely expose their canines. To explore the role of this phenomenon, we selected 2 closely related species-Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) and Tonkean macaques (M. tonkeana)-which differ primarily in terms of their tolerance levels. Japanese macaques are classified as despotic; Tonkean macaques are classified as tolerant. Both species live in multimale-multifemale societies, show a high level of sexual dimorphism, and have comparable yawning repertoires that include displaying a covered teeth yawn and an uncovered gums yawn. We found comparable baseline frequencies of the 2 yawning types and a similar distribution of these behaviors according to sex (males yawned more frequently than females). This morphological homogeneity permitted us to evaluate potential differences in the meaning of yawning as a function of social tension, aggressive contexts, and dominance hierarchy. Divergent social styles determine a functional dichotomy in the use of the covered teeth yawn and the uncovered gums yawn. The covered teeth yawn is not susceptible to social and environmental stimuli and seems to be a form of yawning mostly linked to the physiology of the sleep-wake cycle. However, the uncovered gums yawn is modulated according to different social contexts, and its use could be favored by natural selection, especially in tolerant species, which apparently require more elaborate forms of social communication. (PsycINFO Database Record

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confidence: 99%

Yawning and social styles: Different functions in tolerant and despotic macaques (Macaca tonkeana and Macaca fuscata).

Zannella

Stanyon

Palagi

2017

Journal of Comparative Psychology

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“…Grade 1 = most despotic; unequal distribution of reproductive opportunities between dominants and subordinates and kin‐centric power asymmetry (Aureli et al., ; Kutsukake & Castles, ). Grade 4 = most egalitarian; less constrained by kinship ties in accessing resources and characterized by more friendly interactions (Butovskaya & Kozintsev, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Grade 1 = most despotic; unequal distribution of reproductive opportunities between dominants and subordinates and kin-centric power asymmetry (Aureli et al, 1997;Kutsukake & Castles, 2001). Grade 4 = most egalitarian; less constrained by kinship ties in accessing resources and characterized by more friendly interactions (Butovskaya & Kozintsev, 1996). b Classification of play-fighting style in M. mulatta, M. fascicularis and M. sylvanus is tentative, based on available descriptions in the literature (Caine & Mitchell, 1979;Levy, 1979;Pellis et al, 2010;Symons, 1978;Tartabini & Dienske, 1979); more systematic data are needed to confirm the nature of play-fighting in these species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most despotic systems (grade 1), seen in M. mulatta , M. fuscata and M. cyclopis , are characterized by unequal distribution of reproductive opportunities between dominants and subordinates, kin‐centric power asymmetries and higher incidence of biting by dominants in within‐troop disputes (Aureli, Das, & Veenema, ; Caldecott, ; Kutsukake & Castles, ; Thierry, ). In the most egalitarian systems (grade 4), by contrast, seen in M. tonkeana , M. maura , M. nigra , M. nigrescens , M. hecki and M. ochreata , access to resources is less constrained by kinship ties, interactions are less aggressive and biting is less frequent but more likely to be reciprocated (Butovskaya & Kozintsev, ). Applying the predictions of our model, we might therefore expect that despotic species would show greater investment than egalitarian species in juvenile play–fighting, as preparation for a more fiercely competitive adult environment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The coevolution of juvenile play–fighting and adult competition

Cenni

Fawcett

2018

Ethology

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Although play–fighting is widespread among juvenile mammals, its adaptive significance remains unclear. It has been proposed that play is beneficial for developing skills to improve success in adult contests (motor‐training hypothesis), but the links between juvenile play–fighting and adult aggression are complex and not well understood. In this theoretical study, we investigate the coevolution between juvenile play–fighting and adult aggression using evolutionary computer simulations. We consider a simple life history with two sequential stages: a juvenile phase in which individuals play–fight with other juveniles to develop their fighting skills; and an adult phase in which individuals engage in potentially aggressive contests over access to resources and ultimately mating opportunities, leading to reproductive success. The simulations track genetic evolution in key traits affecting adult contests, such as the level of aggression, as well as juvenile investment in play–fighting, capturing the coevolutionary feedbacks between juvenile and adult decisions. We find that coevolution leads to one of two outcomes: a high‐play, high‐aggression situation with highly aggressive adult contests preceded by a prolonged period of juvenile play–fighting to improve fighting ability, or a low‐play, low‐aggression situation in which adult contests are resolved without fighting and there is minimal investment in play–fighting before individuals mature. Which of these outcomes is favoured depends on the mortality costs and on the type of societal structure: societies with strong reproductive skew, favouring monopolization of resources, show high levels of adult aggression and high investment in juvenile play–fighting, whereas societies with low reproductive skew have both low adult aggression and low levels of play–fighting. A review of empirical evidence, particularly in the primate genus Macaca, highlights some limitations of our model and suggests that other, complementary functional explanations are needed to account for the full range of competitive and cooperative forms of play–fighting. Our study illustrates the power of evolutionary simulations to shed light on the long‐standing puzzle of animal play.

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“…Similarly, in several primate species in which males are philopatric (e.g., chimpanzees (Mitani, ), spider monkeys (Di Fiore, Link, Schmitt, & Spehar, ), and muriquis [ Brachyteles arachnoides ] (Strier, )), group males form strong social alliances, engage in cooperative behavior. In other primate species, such as stump‐tailed macaques ( Macaca arctoides ) (Butovskaya & Kozintsev, ), Guinea baboons ( Papio papio ) (Patzelt et al, ), and black and gold howler monkey ( Alouatta caraya ) (Garber & Kowalewski, ), the strength of male–male affiliation was unrelated to kinship.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal changes in social cohesion among males in a same‐sex primate group

Zhu

Grueter

Garber

et al. 2018

American J Primatol

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Male-male interactions in mixed-sex groups of social mammals are typically characterized by a mix of hostility and affiliation, as a result of inherent conflicts over mating opportunities, and the costs and benefits of social alliances, co-operative behaviors, and coalitionary defense. In species of nonhuman primates that form all-male groups, it is still unclear how the tradeoffs between the benefits of forming an all-male group and the cost of male-male competition in seeking mating opportunities with females in bisexual groups influence social cohesion in different seasons. Here, we used social network analysis to quantify the impact of reproductive seasonality on social cohesion and clique size of bachelor males residing in an all-male unit (AMU) in wild black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti). These primates are strict seasonal breeders and live in a modular social system composed of a number of one-male units (OMUs) and an associated peripheral AMU. We found that the AMU social network had a significantly lower density, centralization, clustering coefficient, and smaller clique size during the mating season compared to the non-mating period. However, aggression among AMU males during both mating and non-mating periods was low. Our results suggest that network structure topology in male same-sex social units is modulated by seasonal changes. Bachelor males engage in two types of competition to gain reproductive success: first, which is analogous to contest competition, in which bachelor males act aggressively and challenge OMU leader males in an attempt to take over an OMU; and second, which is more analogous to scramble competition, in which bachelor males avoid aggressive interactions and instead engage in sneaky copulations with fertile females. Our work adds to an understanding of the maintenance of all-male groups in species that form a multilevel society.

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Gender-related factors affecting primate social behavior: Grooming, rank, age, and kinship in heterosexual and all-male groups of stumptail macaques

Cited by 10 publications

References 34 publications

Yawning and social styles: Different functions in tolerant and despotic macaques (Macaca tonkeana and Macaca fuscata).

Yawning and social styles: Different functions in tolerant and despotic macaques (Macaca tonkeana and Macaca fuscata).

The coevolution of juvenile play–fighting and adult competition

Seasonal changes in social cohesion among males in a same‐sex primate group

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