Gender representation in linguistic example sentences

Abstract

Prior studies have shown that example sentences in syntax textbooks systematically under-represent women and perpetuate gender stereotypes (Macaulay & Brice 1994, 1997; Pabst et al. 2018). We examine the articles published over the past 20 years in Language, Linguistic Inquiry, and Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, and find striking similarities to this prior work. Among our findings, we show a stark imbalance of male (N=10807) to female (N=5019) arguments, and that male-gendered arguments are more likely to be subjects, and female arguments non-subjects. We show that female-gendered arguments are less likely to be referred to using pronouns and are more likely to be referred to using a kinship term, whereas male-gendered arguments are more likely to have occupations and to perpetrate violence. We show that this pattern has remained stable, with very little change, over the course of the twenty years that we examine, leading up to the present day. We conclude with a brief discussion of possible remedies and suggestions for improvement.

The Relationship Between Working Memory Capacity, Bilingualism, and Ambiguous Relative Clause Attachment

“…An example of a gendered experimental sentence is the following: The maid of the princess who scratched herself in public was terribly embarrassed. Influenced by the framework discussed in Ackerman (2019) and Kotek et al (2020), we believe the original stimuli depend on the reader to assume that certain professions are for women and others are for men, such that herself/himself either resolves or creates ambiguity. For this reason, and partly because gender disambiguation was not of interest or relevant to the study, all gendered reflexive pronouns were removed from our experimental stimuli.…”