Gender similarities and differences in dishonesty

Kennedy, Jessica A.; Kray, Laura J.

doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101461

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…However, there has been a tradition of materially pampering daughters more than sons in some areas of China ( Kim et al, 2018 ), which might have lead to the observed positive association that females reported higher subjective social status than males. Conversely, this may also be the simple result that females inflated their social status more than males in this context ( Kennedy and Kray, 2022 ). The mechanism behind this observation is beyond this study’s scope, but this result would lead to interesting future research examining the gender similarities and differences in the association between real income, subjective social status and mental health conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A man-made divide: Investigating the effect of urban–rural household registration and subjective social status on mental health mediated by loneliness among a large sample of university students in China

et al. 2022

Front. Psychol.

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IntroductionThe urban–rural household registration system in China has been documented with profound social consequences in almost all areas of people’s life. This study aims to investigate the underlying mechanism of the rural and urban discrepancies on mental health conditions among a large sample of college students in China.MethodsA survey was distributed among college students in China. A total of 96,218 college students from 63 colleges completed the survey, answering questions on their urban–rural household registration, disposable household income, subjective social status, feelings of loneliness, and anxiety and depression symptoms. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) analyses were conducted, testing the effect of urban–rural registration on one’s mental health, mediated by subjective social status, and loneliness.ResultsStructural Equation Modelling (SEM) results revealed that the urban–rural household registration showed a direct effect on anxiety (B = −0.03, 95% CI [−0.038, −0.022], β = −0.03, p < 0.001) and depression (B = −0.03, 95% CI [−0.035, −0.023], β = −0.03, p < 0.001), indicating that rural household registration had a negative association with anxiety and depression symptoms, albeit the standardised estimate being very small. The indirect path from the urban–rural registration mediated through subjective social status and loneliness to anxiety and depression was both significant, with B = 0.01, 95% CI [0.010, 0.010], β = 0.01, p < 0.001, and B = 0.01, 95% CI [0.0090, 0.0090], β = 0.01, p < 0.001, respectively. The results of the indirect paths demonstrated that students of the rural household registration reported higher anxiety and depression symptoms through a lower subjective social status and higher level of loneliness.ConclusionThis study indicated that decreasing the disparity of social status and tackling loneliness is the key to improve the overall mental health of college students. The urban–rural household registration system may have a very small direct effect on the college students’ mental health; but students of urban registration enjoyed higher subjective social status, which had a clear protective effect against anxiety and depression symptoms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A man-made divide: Investigating the effect of urban–rural household registration and subjective social status on mental health mediated by loneliness among a large sample of university students in China

et al. 2022

Front. Psychol.

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“…The positive correlation between the guesser's winning rate and significantly increased IBS was only in CFM dyads at CH03 (r = 0.59, p = Next, we sought to determine whether the increased IBS was modulated by relationship type and gender composition. The results of ANOVAs showed a main effect of relationship type in a large number of channels (i.e., CHs 1,5,6,7,9,10,11,12,14,16,17,18 at 0.086-0.192 Hz; CHs 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19 at 0.011-0.022 Hz, all FDR-corrected) (see Table S5 in Supplementary Materials). The results also revealed that couple dyads showed more increased IBS than stranger dyads in all significant CHs.…”

Section: Interbrain Synchronization and Behavior Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies have revealed gender differences in deceptive behavior, indicating that males cheat more than females, especially with black lies, which benefit the deceiver but cost another person [6,7]. From an evolutionary perspective, this difference can be explained by sexual selection theory, in which males historically faced more substantial incentives and fewer costs for deceptive behavior [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased Interpersonal Brain Synchronization in Romantic Couples Is Associated with Higher Honesty: An fNIRS Hyperscanning Study

Shao

Zhang

et al. 2023

Brain Sciences

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Previous studies on the brain–brain interaction of deception have shown different patterns of interpersonal brain synchronization (IBS) between different genders. However, the brain–brain mechanisms in the cross-sex composition need to be better understood. Furthermore, there needs to be more discussion about how relationships (e.g., romantic couples vs. strangers) affect the brain–brain mechanism under interactive deception. To elaborate on these issues, we used the functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)-based hyperscanning approach to simultaneously measure interpersonal brain synchronization (IBS) in romantic couples (heterosexual) and cross-sex stranger dyads during the sender–receiver game. The behavioral results found that the deception rate of males was lower than that of females, and romantic couples were deceived less than strangers. Significantly increased IBS was observed in the frontopolar cortex (FPC) and right temporoparietal junction (rTPJ) of the romantic couple group. Moreover, the IBS is negatively correlated with the deception rate. No significantly increased IBS was observed in cross-sex stranger dyads. The result corroborated the lower deception of males and romantic couples in cross-sex interactions. Furthermore, IBS in the PFC and rTPJ was the underlying dual-brain neural basis for supporting honesty in romantic couples.

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“…Although younger males exhibit higher dishonesty rates (Gerlach et al, 2019; Leib et al, 2021), gender or age is not expected to directly affect social commitments. For gender, it has been argued that men consider possible punishments as less important or have a generally higher disposition for risk-taking, especially in competitive settings (Kennedy & Kray, 2022). For age, it has been speculated that a reduction in dishonesty might be related to reduced risk-taking or an increase in agreeableness with older age (Gerlach et al, 2019).…”

Section: Commitmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Committed (dis)honesty: A systematic meta-analytic review of the divergent effects of social commitment to individuals or honesty oaths on dishonest behavior.

Zickfeld,

Karg,

Engen

et al. 2024

Psychological Bulletin

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People feel committed to other individuals, groups, organizations, or moral norms in many contexts of everyday life. Such social commitment can lead to positive outcomes, such as increased job satisfaction or relationship longevity; yet, there can also be detrimental effects to feeling committed. Recent high-profile cases of fraud or corruption in companies like Enron or Volkswagen are likely influenced by strong commitment to the organization or coworkers. Although social commitment might increase dishonest behavior, there is little systematic knowledge about when and how this may occur. In the present project, we reviewed 20,988 articles, focusing on studies that experimentally manipulated social commitment and measured dishonest behavior. We retained 445 effect sizes from 121 articles featuring a total of 91,683 participants across 33 countries. We found no evidence that social commitment increases or reduces dishonest behavior in general. Nonetheless, we did find evidence that the effect strongly depends on the target of the commitment. Feeling committed to other individuals or groups reduces honest behavior (g = −0.17 [−0.24, −0.11]), whereas feeling committed to honesty norms through honesty oaths or pledges increases honest behavior (g = 0.27 [0.19, 0.36]). The analysis identified several moderating variables and detected some degree of publication bias across effects. Our findings highlight the diverging effects of different forms of social commitment on dishonest behavior and suggest a combination of the different forms of commitment could be a possible means to combat corruption and dishonest behavior in the organizational context. Public Significance StatementThis meta-analysis reveals that social commitment can impact dishonest behavior in various ways. Feeling committed or interacting with other individuals showed an increase in dishonesty, whereas committing to an honesty norm (by signing an honesty oath, for example) showed an increase in honesty. These effects were small and subject to different situational moderations. We propose that a combination of both types of commitment, commitment to loyalty and commitment to honesty norms, might be important in achieving good teamwork while at the same time reducing dishonest behavior.

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Gender similarities and differences in dishonesty

Cited by 12 publications

References 57 publications

A man-made divide: Investigating the effect of urban–rural household registration and subjective social status on mental health mediated by loneliness among a large sample of university students in China

A man-made divide: Investigating the effect of urban–rural household registration and subjective social status on mental health mediated by loneliness among a large sample of university students in China

Increased Interpersonal Brain Synchronization in Romantic Couples Is Associated with Higher Honesty: An fNIRS Hyperscanning Study

Committed (dis)honesty: A systematic meta-analytic review of the divergent effects of social commitment to individuals or honesty oaths on dishonest behavior.

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