Gendered Racism Scales for Asian American Men: Scale development and psychometric properties.

Abstract

The Gendered Racism Scales for Asian American Men (GRSAM) was developed to assess the frequency and stress level of gendered racism perceived by Asian American men. The development of the new measure was grounded in the Intersectional Fusion Paradigm. This paradigm explains individuals' experiences of discrimination based on unique combinations of multiple interlocking identities that individuals experience simultaneously. In mixed samples of college students and community adults, GRSAM's factor structure as well as evidence of convergent validity, criterion-related validity, discriminant validity, incremental validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability was examined. Exploratory factor analyses revealed three dimensions of GRSAM: Psychological Emasculation, Perceived Undesirable Partner, and Perceived Lack of Leadership. Confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated that a bifactor model was a better fit to the data than a correlated three-factor model and a higher-order model. Results of correlation and regression analyses further provided evidence for different aspects of construct validity and internal consistency. Both the Frequency and Stress versions of GRSAM positively predicted psychological distress and somatic symptoms above and beyond the effects of general racism experienced by Asian Americans and masculine gender role stress. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).

Something Old and Something New: Future Directions in Vocational Research With People of Color in the United States

“…Wong, Wang, and Farmer’s (2018) dynamic paradigm of ethnic culture, for example, examines contextual and temporal influences that impact ethnic culture, emphasizing its “fragmented, subjective, antiessentialist, and performative nature” (p. 1). Measures designed to transcend additive and multiplicative approaches to quantitative intersectional research include the Gendered Racial Microaggressions Scale for Black women (Lewis & Neville, 2015) and Asian American women (Keum et al, 2018), the Black Men’s Experiences Scale (Bowleg et al, 2016), and the Gendered Racism Scales for Asian American Men (Liu, Wong, Maffini, Mitts, & Iwamoto, 2018).…”

A human diversity analysis of culture and gender in Asian American men's intimate partner violence perpetration

“…Higher acculturation predicted greater conflict from the "success, power, and competition" patriarchal male role norm (E. J. Kim et al, 1996) and greater general masculine gender role stress, and higher individualism (a European American interpersonal orientation) predicted greater gendered racism-related stress (T. Liu et al, 2018). Interestingly, the association between acculturation and gender role conflict from restrictive emotionality was negative in a study using a unidimensional measure of acculturation (E. J.…”

“…Specifically, racial immersion and resistance (W. M. Liu, 2002) and Asian values (W. M. Liu & Iwamoto, 2006) positively predict all domains of gender role conflict. In addition, Asian American male identity centrality was positively correlated with masculine gender role stress, and collectivism was positively correlated with gendered racism-related stress (T. Liu et al, 2018). Examining Asian American men's racial identity, W. M. Liu (2002) found that racial identity dissonance (i.e., struggle with integrating mainstream and heritage cultures) predicted greater gender role conflict and internalization (i.e., successful integration) positively predicted both endorsement of traditional male role norms and gender role conflict (W. M. Liu, 2002).…”

“…Interestingly, the effect of acculturation specifically on the conflict from the male role norm of restrictive emotionality was conflicting Ahrold and Meston (2010); E. J. Kim et al (1996); W. M. Liu (2002); T. Liu et al (2018)…”

Gendered racism, family and external shame, depressive symptoms, and alcohol use severity among Asian American men.

“…Emerging research suggests that Asian American men (AAM) who experience gendered racism are more likely to develop depressive symptoms (Liu et al, 2018). AAM are uniquely marginalized by being stereotyped as effeminate, romantically/sexually undesirable, uncharismatic, and lacking leadership quality, among other racialized qualities (Liu et al, 2018).…”