“…This is biologically plausible because various OP insecticides exert anti-androgen activity by binding to ERα, ERβ, or AR and by interfering with the expression of genes involved in the metabolism of steroid hormones (Kojima et al, 2004;Manabe et al, 2006). In the present study, urinary MDA seems to be associated with smaller TV and delayed adrenarche, consistent with an animal study in which malathion exposure was found to downregulate gonadal development by targeting the expression pattern of transcription factors, activin A, orphan nuclear or sex steroid receptors, and steroidogenic enzymes (Prathibha et al, 2014). Interestingly, in our study in children from the INMA cohorts at the age of 7-11 years, urinary DETP was associated with delayed puberty onset in boys with overweight or obesity, which is in line with the present results, whereas TCPy was associated with earlier genital growth onset (Castiello et al, 2023), suggesting that the effect of pesticide exposure on pubertal development may depend on the age-time window.…”