Gene markers for grain polyphenol oxidase activity in common wheat

Wang, Xiaobo; X., C.; Q., H.; Qiao, Yang; Chang, Cheng; He, Xianfang; Xia, Yuchen

doi:10.1007/s11032-008-9223-1

Cited by 22 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Subsequently, Beecher and colleagues characterized the paralogous Ppo‐2 loci . A number of molecular markers for PPO are now available …”

Section: The Role Of Polyphenol Oxidase (Ppo)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of wheat noodle color

Morris

2018

J Sci Food Agric

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Noodles are a leading food in the world, and color is a key determinant of consumer acceptance. In this review the two prominent forms of wheat noodles are considered: white salted and alkaline. Many of the preparation and evaluation strategies are the same for both, with prominence placed on 'brightness' (L*) or a lack of discoloration (ΔL*), and the absence of 'specks.' All raw noodles darken over time. Increasing the protein content of flours almost always translates into darker noodles. Greater discoloration is also associated with higher flour extraction rates, higher ash contents, and higher starch damage. Increasing storage time, dough water absorption, and temperature all often lead to greater discoloration. There is a large range in noodle color variation, and much of this variation is associated with genetics. Consequently, much research has been devoted to methods of screening germplasm, either as whole seeds, meals, flours, or noodle sheets. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is a primary culprit in noodle discoloration and has guided much of the research on noodle color. It is now possible to select germplasm with very low levels of PPO through the use of efficacious phenotype screens and the use of molecular markers. The success of this research has provided the opportunity to select wheat breeding lines with nil PPO activity, and to combine favorable alleles at multiple PPO loci. Yet, when noodles are prepared, we continue to observe discoloration. As our ability to minimize PPO activity increases, this 'non-PPO' discoloration has become more important. Perhaps the 'holy grail' is a noodle that never discolors, and has the 'perfect' level of a* (redness, zero?) and b* (yellowness/creaminess). Published 2018. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

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“…Subsequently, Beecher and colleagues characterized the paralogous Ppo‐2 loci . A number of molecular markers for PPO are now available …”

Section: The Role Of Polyphenol Oxidase (Ppo)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of wheat noodle color

Morris

2018

J Sci Food Agric

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“…Yellow noodles contain alkaline salt, and are produced from hard wheat flour with higher protein content (Nagao 1996). Different types of noodles vary in firmness and texture, but consumer preference requires most noodle types to have a bright and creamy white color (Wang et al 2009). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PPO18 proved an efficient marker for Ppo-A1 (He et al 2007), amplifying two fragments, a 685 bp PCR fragment in cultivars with high PPO activity (Ppo-A1a allele) and a 876 bp PCR fragment in cultivars with low PPO activity (Ppo-A1b allele) (Sun et al 2005;He et al 2007). Complementary dominant STS markers, PPO29 and STS01were developed based on the DNA sequences of the Ppo-D1 PPO gene on chromosome 2D (He et al 2007;Wang et al 2009). PPO29 reportedly amplified a 490 bp PCR fragment in cultivars with high PPO activity, indicating the presence of the Ppo-D1b allele (He et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enzyme activity in wheat breeding lines derived from matings of low polyphenol oxidase parents

2012

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Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in grain plays a major role in time-dependent discoloration of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) products, especially fresh noodles. Breeding wheat cultivars with low or nil PPO activity can reduce undesirable product darkening. The low PPO line PI 117635 was crossed to two low PPO wheats, IDO580 and 'IDO377s', to determine whether matings between wheats with low levels of grain PPO would result in complementation, such that lines with still lower or nil PPO would be generated. Progeny in a population derived from PI 117635/ IDO580 displayed no variation in PPO activity. In the F 3:4 populations derived from PI 117635/IDO377s, and the reciprocal IDO377s/PI 117635, normal distributions of low to high PPO activity were observed. Fieldgrown populations (F 3:5 ; F 3:6 ) derived from IDO377s crosses were analyzed for PPO activity and used to determine whether lines with nil PPO activity were generated. Of 239 lines, 154 were verified to have PPO activity that was not significantly different from the low PPO durum (Triticum turgidum var durum) cultivar 'Ben'. PCR analysis showed that the populations were fixed for a putative low PPO allele at Ppo-A1. Using markers for Ppo-D1, it was found that the average PPO activity of lines with 490 bp PCR fragments from PPO29 was significantly lower than that of lines with 560 bp fragments from STS01. These results disagreed with that predicted from previous reports for markers for Ppo-D1 alleles. Thus, breeders should exercise caution when making selections using markers for alleles at Ppo-D1, as known markers might predict erroneous phenotypes and genotypes in some wheat backgrounds.

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“…Paralogous gene family Ppo-1 members consisting of Ppo-A1 and Ppo-D1 are localized to the long arm of homeologous chromosomes 2A and 2D, respectively (Sun et al 2011;He et al 2007). Ppo-A1 and Ppo-D1 allelic variation is associated with kernel PPO activity variation (Sun et al 2011;He et al 2007;Wang et al 2009;Martin et al 2011;Nilthong et al 2012). The sequence-tagged site (STS) marker PPO18, amplifies a 685 bp (Ppo-A1a) and 876 bp (Ppo-A1b) fragment corresponding to genotypes associated with high and low PPO activity, respectively (Sun et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic characterization and expression analysis of wheat (Triticum aestivum) line 07OR1074 exhibiting very low polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity

et al. 2015

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Characterized novel mutations present at Ppo loci account for the substantial reduction of the total kernel PPO activity present in a putative null Ppo - A1 genetic background. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) polyphenol oxidase (PPO) contributes to the time-dependent discoloration of Asian noodles. Wheat contains multiple paralogous and orthologous Ppo genes, Ppo-A1, Ppo-D1, Ppo-A2, Ppo-D2, and Ppo-B2, expressed in wheat kernels. To date, wheat noodle color improvement efforts have focused on breeding cultivars containing Ppo-D1 and Ppo-A1 alleles conferring reduced PPO activity. A major impediment to wheat quality improvement is a lack of additional Ppo alleles conferring reduced kernel PPO. In this study, a previously reported very low PPO line, 07OR1074, was found to contain a novel allele at Ppo-A2 and null alleles at the Ppo-A1 and Ppo-D1 loci. To examine the impact of each mutation upon kernel PPO, populations were generated from crosses between 07OR1074 and the hard white spring wheat cultivars Choteau and Vida. Expression analysis using RNA-seq demonstrated no detectable Ppo-A1 transcripts in 07OR1074 while Ppo-D1 transcripts were present at less than 10% of that seen in Choteau and Vida. Novel markers specific for the Ppo-D1 and Ppo-A2 mutations discovered in 07OR1074, along with the Ppo-A1 STS marker, were used to screen segregating populations. Evaluation of lines indicated a substantial genotypic effect on PPO with Ppo-A1 and Ppo-D1 alleles contributing significantly to total PPO in both populations. These results show that the novel mutations in Ppo-A1 and Ppo-D1 present in 07OR1074 are both important to lowering overall wheat seed PPO activity and may be useful to produce more desirable and marketable wheat-based products.

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Gene markers for grain polyphenol oxidase activity in common wheat

Cited by 22 publications

References 19 publications

Determinants of wheat noodle color

Determinants of wheat noodle color

Enzyme activity in wheat breeding lines derived from matings of low polyphenol oxidase parents

Genetic characterization and expression analysis of wheat (Triticum aestivum) line 07OR1074 exhibiting very low polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity

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