“…Indeed, the improvements in computer systems and data storage technologies have substantially increased the accumulation of COVID-19 data, which offers physicians and researchers a unique opportunity to explore simultaneously factors influencing patient diagnosis and comprehend various types of COVID-19, as well as developing new early testing technology for COVID-19 detection. Although, handling such large-scale datasets raises extra challenge of designing effective data processing and analysis, which are computationally appealing, theoretically sound, and easily interpretable [ 20 , 21 ]. Nevertheless, AI is already utilized in COVID-19 decision support systems to aid physicians make diagnosis and prognosis decisions as pointed out in review papers in Refs.…”