General Anesthetic Techniques in Ruminants

Preanesthesia, Anesthesia, Analgesia, and Euthanasia

“…In cattle, a 48-h fast produced 20-30% reduction in heart rate which persisted for 48 h following recovery (Bednarski and McGuirk, 1986;McGuirk et al, 1990;Riebold, 2007). Fasting from food for 24-48 h and withholding water for 12-24 h in healthy sheep and goats resulted in better ventilation, less tympany and reduced incidence of regurgitation (Carroll and Hartsfield, 1996). Other authors recommend shorter periods of no more than 12-18 h fasting from food and either not withholding water or withholding for only 4-6 h (Swindle et al, 2002, Abrahamsen, 2009a.…”

“…Other authors recommend shorter periods of no more than 12-18 h fasting from food and either not withholding water or withholding for only 4-6 h (Swindle et al, 2002, Abrahamsen, 2009a. Young animals should not be fasted for longer than 12 h as at this age, they are transitioning from a functional monogastric to ruminant (Carroll and Hartsfield, 1996). Young animals should not be fasted for longer than 12 h as at this age, they are transitioning from a functional monogastric to ruminant (Carroll and Hartsfield, 1996).…”

“…Recognition and relief of pain is required by the Animal Welfare LABORATORY ANIMAL MEDICINE Regulations when these species are used in biomedical research (USDA, 2008). There is a growing body of literature on anesthesia, analgesia, and pain management specific to small ruminants (Gray and McDonell, 1986a, b;Carroll and Hartsfield, 1996;Lee and Swanson, 1996;Carroll et al, 1998b;Lin and Pugh, 2002;Swindle et al, 2002;Greene, 2003;Riebold, 2007;Abrahamsen, 2009aAbrahamsen, ,c, 2013Valverde and Doherty, 2009;Coetzee, 2013). There is a growing body of literature on anesthesia, analgesia, and pain management specific to small ruminants (Gray and McDonell, 1986a, b;Carroll and Hartsfield, 1996;Lee and Swanson, 1996;Carroll et al, 1998b;Lin and Pugh, 2002;Swindle et al, 2002;Greene, 2003;Riebold, 2007;Abrahamsen, 2009aAbrahamsen, ,c, 2013Valverde and Doherty, 2009;Coetzee, 2013).…”

Fluoroscopy-guided removal of a bitten endotracheal tube in an adult sheep

“…In addition to protecting the respiratory tract against aspiration, maintaining adequate ventilation to prevent hypoxia is also an important issue in sheep 9. Ventilation can be compromised for a variety of reasons, including the unphysiological positioning of the animal during anaesthesia, the high level of the diaphragm caused by the abdominal organs and respiratory depression as a side effect of the anaesthesia itself 10.…”

Anaesthesia for lambs undergoing spinal surgery: a case series

“…1986), xylazine/ketamine/ guaiphenesin (Thurmon 1986) and diazepam/ketamine (Carroll & Hartsfield 1996). However, few incorporate specific analgesics, so are unsuitable for lambs (or kids) used in experiments involving invasive surgery.…”