General Initiation Factors for Rna Polymerase Ii

Conaway, Ronald C.; Conaway, Joan Weliky

doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.62.070193.001113

Cited by 379 publications

(204 citation statements)

References 103 publications

(164 reference statements)

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“…The complex of RNA pol II and auxiliary TFs are known as the basal transcription apparatus or GTFs. The individual components of the GTFs congregate at the proximal promoter in a highly regulated and defined order [29][30][31], forming a complex of molecular mass greater than 2500 kDa [32], which provides a platform for the recruitment of RNA pol II that subsequently initiates transcription at a precise site known as the transcription initiation site (Figure 1). …”

Section: Assembly Of the General Transcription Factors (Gtfs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phosphorylation of the CTD allows the removal of TFIIB, TFIIE and TFIIH (promoter clearance) [30,48,49], which in turn permits RNA pol IIo (phosphorylated form of RNA pol II) [49,50] to commence elongation [42]. Once elongation has been terminated, RNA pol IIo detaches from the DNA and, before it can re-enter initiation, the CTD must be dephosphorylated [47,51].…”

Section: Figure 1 Gtf Assembly At a Typical Eukaryotic Promotermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Once elongation has been terminated, RNA pol IIo detaches from the DNA and, before it can re-enter initiation, the CTD must be dephosphorylated [47,51]. Assembly of the GTFs has been extensively reviewed in [30,49,52].…”

Section: Figure 1 Gtf Assembly At a Typical Eukaryotic Promotermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transcriptional control and the role of silencers in transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes

Ogbourne

Antalis

1998

Biochemical Journal

227

171

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Mechanisms controlling transcription and its regulation are fundamental to our understanding of molecular biology and, ultimately, cellular biology. Our knowledge of transcription initiation and integral factors such as RNA polymerase is considerable, and more recently our understanding of the involvement of enhancers and complexes such as holoenzyme and mediator has increased dramatically. However, an understanding of transcriptional repression is also essential for a complete understanding of promoter structure and the regulation of gene expression. Transcriptional repression in eukaryotes is achieved through ‘silencers ’, of which there are two types, namely ‘silencer elements ’ and ‘negative regulatory elements ’ (NREs). Silencer elements are classical, position-independent elements that direct an active repression mechanism, and NREs are position-dependent elements that direct a passive repression mechanism. In addition, ‘repressors ’ are DNA-binding trasncription factors that interact directly with silencers. A review of the recent literature reveals that it is the silencer itself and its context within a given promoter, rather than the interacting repressor, that determines the mechanism of repression. Silencers form an intrinsic part of many eukaryotic promoters and, consequently, knowledge of their interactive role with enchancers and other transcriptional elements is essential for our understanding of gene regulation in eukaryotes.

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Section: Assembly Of the General Transcription Factors (Gtfs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Figure 1 Gtf Assembly At a Typical Eukaryotic Promotermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transcriptional control and the role of silencers in transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes

Ogbourne

Antalis

1998

Biochemical Journal

227

171

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“…Initiation of mRNA synthesis by mammalian RNA polymerase II (pol II) is a complex biochemical process controlled by a set of general transcription factors including TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIIH (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). Transcription initiation is preceded by the assembly of a preinitiation complex consisting of pol II and the general transcription factors on promoter DNA.…”

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confidence: 99%

RAP74 induces promoter contacts by RNA polymerase II upstream and downstream of a DNA bend centered on the TATA box

Forget

Robert

Grondin

et al. 1997

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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RAP74, the large subunit of transcription factor IIF, associates with a preinitiation complex containing RNA polymerase II (pol II) and other general initiation factors. We have mapped the location of RAP74 in close proximity to promoter DNA at similar distances both upstream and downstream of a DNA bend centered on the TATA box. Binding of RAP74 induces a conformational change that affects the position of pol II relative to that of the DNA. This reorganization of the preinitiation complex minimally requires the N-terminal region of RAP74 containing both its RAP30-binding domain and another region necessary for accurate transcription in vitro. We propose a role for RAP74 in controlling the topological organization of the pol II preinitiation complex.Initiation of mRNA synthesis by mammalian RNA polymerase II (pol II) is a complex biochemical process controlled by a set of general transcription factors including TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIIH (1-5). Transcription initiation is preceded by the assembly of a preinitiation complex consisting of pol II and the general transcription factors on promoter DNA. For genes containing a TATA box, the first step in preinitiation complex assembly is the binding of TATA box-binding protein (TBP), the TATA box-binding subunit of TFIID, to the TATA element (6). The other general transcription factors and pol II can assemble, mostly through protein-protein interactions, onto the TBP-promoter complex (1-6).Human TFIIF, which is composed of two subunits known as RAP30 and RAP74, is involved at both the initiation and elongation stages of transcription (7). It is required for accurate initiation of transcription at all promoters tested except the IgH promoter (8-10). RAP30 is directly involved in recruiting pol II to a preinitiation complex containing TBP and TFIIB (11,12). TFIIF binds to several general initiation factors, including TFIIB (13-15), TFIID (16), and TFIIE (17), as well as to pol II (10,14,15,18). It is also an integral component of pol II holoenzymes isolated from both yeast and mammalian cells (19)(20)(21). These findings suggest that TFIIF plays a central role in preinitiation complex assembly. TFIIF is a target for at least some transcriptional activators, since the interaction of RAP74 with the serum response factor that binds the c-fos promoter is required for transcriptional activation (22,23). In addition, TFIIF can stimulate RNA chain elongation (7,24,25).Over the past few years, both high and low resolution techniques have been utilized to analyze the structure of the pol II preinitiation complex (26). NMR and x-ray crystallography studies revealed surprising features of TBP-promoter (27, 28), TBP-TFIIB-promoter (29, 30), and TBP-TFIIA-promoter (31, 32) complexes. Binding of TBP to the TATA element induces bending of the promoter DNA (27, 28). TFIIA and TFIIB both interact with TBP in the preinitiation complex, and TFIIB primarily by clamping onto the C-terminal stirrup of TBP (29, 30). Alanine scanning mutagenesis has identified regions ...

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“…Transcription from mammalian or Saccharomyces cerevisiae promoters by RNA polymerase II requires multiple initiation factors, including TFIIB (factor e), TFIID (factor d), TFIIE (factor a), TFIIF (factor g), and TFIIH (factor b) (2,6). The transcriptionally active form of factor b in a yeast reconstituted system in vitro is designated holo-TFIIH, comprising core TFIIH, Ssl2 protein, and the three-subunit kinase TFIIK (22).…”

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confidence: 99%

The Yeast TFB1 and SSL1 Genes, Which Encode Subunits of Transcription Factor IIH, Are Required for Nucleotide Excision Repair and RNA Polymerase II Transcription

Wang

Buratowski

Svejstrup

et al. 1995

Molecular and Cellular Biology

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The essential TFB1 and SSL1 genes of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae encode two subunits of the RNA polymerase II transcription factor TFIIH (factor b). Here we show that extracts of temperature-sensitive mutants carrying mutations in both genes (tfb1-101 and ssl1-1) are defective in nucleotide excision repair (NER) and RNA polymerase II transcription but are proficient for base excision repair. RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription at the CYC1 promoter was normal at permissive temperatures but defective in extracts preincubated at a restrictive temperature. In contrast, defective NER was observed at temperatures that are permissive for growth. Additionally, both mutants manifested increased sensitivity to UV radiation at permissive temperatures. The extent of this sensitivity was not increased in a tfb1-101 strain and was only slightly increased in a ssl1-1 strain at temperatures that are semipermissive for growth. Purified factor TFIIH complemented defective NER in both tfb1-101 and ssl1-1 mutant extracts. These results define TFB1 and SSL1 as bona fide NER genes and indicate that, as is the case with the yeast Rad3 and Ssl2 (Rad25) proteins, Tfb1 and Ssl1 are required for both RNA polymerase II basal transcription and NER. Our results also suggest that the repair and transcription functions of Tfb1 and Ssl1 are separable.Transcription from mammalian or Saccharomyces cerevisiae promoters by RNA polymerase II requires multiple initiation factors, including TFIIB (factor e), TFIID (factor d), TFIIE (factor a), TFIIF (factor g), and TFIIH (factor b) (2, 6). The transcriptionally active form of factor b in a yeast reconstituted system in vitro is designated holo-TFIIH, comprising core TFIIH, Ssl2 protein, and the three-subunit kinase TFIIK (22). Core TFIIH with associated Ssl2 (core TFIIH-Ssl2) consists of six subunits of ϳ105, 85, 70, 50, 55, and 38 kDa (6,22). The first four subunits have been identified as the products of the SSL2 (RAD25), RAD3, TFB1, and SSL1 genes, respectively (6,10,22). Homologous genes designated XPB, XPD, p62, and p44, respectively, encode subunits of TFIIH(BTF2) in human cells (4,7,13,19,20). Mutations in the XPB and XPD genes are associated with several human hereditary diseases, including xeroderma pigmentosum, xeroderma pigmentosum with Cockayne's syndrome, and trichothiodystrophy (1, 27).Core TFIIH-Ssl2 is required for both transcription by RNA polymerase II and nucleotide excision repair (NER) in S. cerevisiae and humans (4,23,25,28). Consistent with their requirement for transcription, SSL2, RAD3, TFB1, and SSL1 are essential yeast genes (10-12, 17, 18, 34). The same presumably holds true for the homologous human genes, though the essentiality of gene function is difficult to demonstrate directly for mammalian cells.Recent studies have shown that cell extracts of viable yeast rad3 and ssl2 mutants are defective in NER (28). These defects can be corrected by complementation of the extracts with purified core TFIIH or core TFIIH-Ssl2 complexes, respectively, but not by complem...

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General Initiation Factors for Rna Polymerase Ii

Cited by 379 publications

References 103 publications

Transcriptional control and the role of silencers in transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes

Transcriptional control and the role of silencers in transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes

RAP74 induces promoter contacts by RNA polymerase II upstream and downstream of a DNA bend centered on the TATA box

The Yeast TFB1 and SSL1 Genes, Which Encode Subunits of Transcription Factor IIH, Are Required for Nucleotide Excision Repair and RNA Polymerase II Transcription

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