General Mechanisms of the Effect of Weightlessness on the Human Body

Grigoriev, A.I.; Egorov, A.D.

doi:10.1016/s1569-2574(08)60016-7

Cited by 32 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The goal of our spaceflight cell culture research is to augment, at the cellular and molecular levels, the previously reported studies of the effects of spaceflight (microgravity) on human and whole animal muscular systems [for review see Grigoriev and Egorov, 1992a,bl. The cell culture system (STL-A) was specifically designed to circumvent most of the unmanageable irregularities of whole animal models: preexisting variations between and among the experimental groups, differences in food and water intake, hormonal differences and, most importantly, unmeasured stress factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Space shuttle flight (STS‐45) of L8 myoblast cells results in the isolation of a nonfusing cell line variant

Kulesh

Anderson

Wilson

et al. 1994

J of Cellular Biochemistry

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Myoblast cell cultures have been widely employed in conventional (1g) studies of biological processes because characteristics of intact muscle can be readily observed in these cultured cells. We decided to investigate the effects of spaceflight on muscle by utilizing a well characterized myoblast cell line (L8 rat myoblasts) as cultured in the recently designed Space Tissue Loss Flight Module "A" (STL-A). The STL-A is a "state of the art," compact, fully contained, automated cell culture apparatus which replaces a single mid-deck locker on the Space Shuttle. The L8 cells were successfully flown in the STL-A on the Space Shuttle STS-45 mission. Upon return to earth, reculturing of these spaceflown L8 cells (L8SF) resulted in their unexpected failure to fuse and differentiate into myotubes. This inability of the L8SF cells to fuse was found to be a permanent phenotypic alteration. Scanning electron microscopic examination of L8SF cells growing at 1g on fibronectin-coated polypropylene fibers exhibited a strikingly different morphology as compared to control cells. In addition to their failure to fuse into myotubes, L8SF cells also piled up on top of each other. When assayed in fusion-promoting soft agar, L8SF cells gave rise to substantially more and larger colonies than did either preflight (L8AT) or ground control (L8GC) cells. All data to this point indicate that flying L8 rat myoblasts on the Space Shuttle for a duration of 7-10 d at subconfluent densities results in several permanent phenotypic alterations in these cells.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Space shuttle flight (STS‐45) of L8 myoblast cells results in the isolation of a nonfusing cell line variant

Kulesh

Anderson

Wilson

et al. 1994

J of Cellular Biochemistry

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“…This redistribution of body fluid is thought to be manifested temporarily as an increase in central blood volume and pressure, which activate baroreceptor reflexes and increase glomerular filtration rate and diuresis in the kidneys [16,26]. Such an increase in central blood volume was observed during simulation studies (water immersion, head-down tilt) [5,60].…”

Section: Body Mass and Fluid Redistributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pronounced changes in water-electrolyte metabolism have been detected in space flights, as well as changes in activities of the astronauts and of environmental conditions. Following space flights, most cosmonauts showed a reduction in body mass and a water-electrolyte loss [17,26]. These variations may diminish the tolerance to acceleration, orthostasis, and exercise.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These variations may diminish the tolerance to acceleration, orthostasis, and exercise. Changes in water-electrolyte metabolism may also increase the risk of kidney stone formation, cardiovascular abnormalities, and other space deconditionings [18,26]. Therefore, detailed knowledge of the alterations in water-electrolyte metabolism and of hormonal regulation on different stages of space flight are important prerequisites for the development of countermeasures to space deconditioning and thus for increased human efficiency in space.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Water and electrolyte studies during long-term missions onboard the space stations SALYUT and MIR

1994

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This contribution summarizes the results of investigations of water-electrolyte metabolism and its hormonal regulation conducted in cosmonauts who performed long-term space flights (from 18 to 366 days) aboard the space stations Salyut and Mir and compares them with the results obtained during various NASA flights. The role of the kidneys in ion metabolism regulation was assessed by various water-salt load tests before and after flights. In addition, the results of a year-long space flight and of medical experiments performed during the 237- and 241-day missions by the physicians and cosmonaut-researchers Atkov and Polyakov are reviewed in detail. In spite of interindividual variations, metabolic, and endocrine studies during prolonged space flights showed a reduction in body mass, usually with a reduction in body water and electrolytes and considerable changes in blood hormone concentrations and urinary hormone excretion. These changes reflect the processes of extended adaptation to a new environment. It is likely that shifts in electrolyte metabolism in weightlessness are primarily due to metabolic changes that diminish the tissue ability for ion retention and to concomitant changes in the endocrine status. The postflight examinations revealed changes in fluid-electrolyte metabolism and in the function of the kidneys which indicated a hypohydration status and a stimulation of hormonal systems responsible for fluid-electrolyte homeostasis in order to readapt to the normal gravitation. Postflight decline in osmotic concentration of urine in cosmonauts was accompanied by an altered response to antidiuretic hormone and was probably caused by changes in the functional state of the kidneys. We conclude that detailed knowledge of the alterations in water-electrolyte metabolism and its hormonal regulation on different stages of space flight are important prerequisites for the development of countermeasures to space deconditioning and thus for increased human efficiency in space. In addition, these data contribute to an increase in our general knowledge on the regulation of kidney function.

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“…Some researchers lay their sight on the common known redistribution of body fluid effect induced by gravity change (Grigoriev and Egorov 1992;Liao et al 2012; Ling-Li Zeng and Yang Liao have contributed equally to this work.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Default network connectivity decodes brain states with simulated microgravity

et al. 2015

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With great progress of space navigation technology, it becomes possible to travel beyond Earth's gravity. So far, it remains unclear whether the human brain can function normally within an environment of microgravity and confinement. Particularly, it is a challenge to figure out some neuroimaging-based markers for rapid screening diagnosis of disrupted brain function in microgravity environment. In this study, a 7-day -6°head down tilt bed rest experiment was used to simulate the microgravity, and twenty healthy male participants underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans at baseline and after the simulated microgravity experiment. We used a multivariate pattern analysis approach to distinguish the brain states with simulated microgravity from normal gravity based on the functional connectivity within the default network, resulting in an accuracy of no less than 85 % via cross-validation. Moreover, most discriminative functional connections were mainly located between the limbic system and cortical areas and were enhanced after simulated microgravity, implying a selfadaption or compensatory enhancement to fulfill the need of complex demand in spatial navigation and motor control functions in microgravity environment. Overall, the findings suggest that the brain states in microgravity are likely different from those in normal gravity and that brain connectome could act as a biomarker to indicate the brain state in microgravity.

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General Mechanisms of the Effect of Weightlessness on the Human Body

Cited by 32 publications

References 9 publications

Space shuttle flight (STS‐45) of L8 myoblast cells results in the isolation of a nonfusing cell line variant

Space shuttle flight (STS‐45) of L8 myoblast cells results in the isolation of a nonfusing cell line variant

Water and electrolyte studies during long-term missions onboard the space stations SALYUT and MIR

Default network connectivity decodes brain states with simulated microgravity

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