A broad scope of the library of squaramide organocatalysts
was
prepared starting from two geometric isomers (trans- and cis-(1,2-diaminocyclohexane) (DACH)) with
various numbers of −CH2– linkages between
the squaramide core and the aromatic group, different numbers of electron-withdrawing
−CF3 groups on the aromatic ring, and different
sizes of cyclic tertiary amines from piperidine to pyrrolidine on
the DACH ring. Then, the ring-opening polymerizations of asymmetrically
substituted glycolides (ASGs) such as isobutyl glycolide (IBG), isobutyl methyl glycolide (IBMG), and isobutyl ethyl
glycolide (IBEG) were achieved with bifunctional squaramide
organocatalysts at ambient temperature (20 °C) in dichloromethane
(DCM) or in 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) at 50 °C. Predictable molecular
weights of poly(substituted glycolide) (PSG) homopolymers in accordance
with monomer/initiator ratios, high conversions up to 100%, narrow
polydispersity (PDI) values as low as 1.04, and high yields up to
93% were acquired. IBG, IBMG, and IBEG monomers showed much better polymerization activity in
the presence of trans-DACH-based catalysts when compared
to cis-DACH-based derivatives. It was revealed that
the change of chemical shifts in the NHCH
2
and NH
Cy
amine peaks in the trans catalyst were 4.6 and
2.2 times higher than that of the cis catalyst upon
addition of the monomer according to 1H NMR titration analyses,
which proves that the monomer interacts better with the trans-DACH-based catalyst, probably due to the proximity of the trans-organocatalyst to the monomer, thus opening the ring
more easily. The relative reactivities within three monomers toward
polymerization are closely related to the sterically crowded groups
of alkyl substituents on monomers. For instance, the IBG monomer having less sterically crowded groups led to polymerization
faster when compared to IBMG and IBEG monomers.
Thus, all trans catalysts 19–25 were very efficient in the polymerization of IBG at 20 °C. On the other hand, the existence of the steric group
in IBMG and IBEG monomers made the catalyst
selectivity important in their polymerizations. The most effective trans- and cis- catalysts in the polymerization
of both IBMG and IBEG monomers were found
to be trans
22 and cis
34 with two −CF3 groups and no −CH2– groups probably due to their high acidity, respectively.
One or two different asymmetric centers leading to structural isomers
in the chains (H–H, T–T, and H–T segments) in PIBG, PIBMG, and PIBEG homopolymers
were analyzed in depth by single-frequency decoupled 1H
NMR.