Generalized Analytical Equations for Injected Ring Oscillator With $RC$ -Load

Hazeri, Ali Reza; Naimi, Hossein Miar

doi:10.1109/tcsi.2017.2726100

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…A 450 MHz clock is generated from a 900 MHz RF signal by the divide-by-2 operation of the ILRO-based RF clock harvester. Since multiple input injection [31][32][33][34][35][36][37] requires additional phase control circuits and consumes a lot of power, single input injection with low power consumption is adopted for injection-locked RF clock harvester. In order to achieve a relatively wide locking range in low-power operation and to achieve a small chip area, a ring oscillator is adopted instead of an inductorcapacitor (LC) oscillator [38,39].…”

Section: Proposed Rf Clock Harvester Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Energy-Efficient UWB Transmitter with Wireless Injection Locking for RF Energy-Harvesting Sensors

Kim

Heo

Kwon

2021

Sensors

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An ultralow-power ultrawideband (UWB) transmitter with an energy-efficient injection-locked radio frequency (RF) clock harvester that generates a carrier from an RF signal is proposed for RF energy-harvesting Internet-of-Things (IoT) sensor applications. The energy-efficient RF clock harvester based on the injection-locked ring oscillator (ILRO) is proposed to achieve optimal locking range and minimum input sensitivity to obtain an injection-locked 450 MHz clock in ultralow-power operation. A current-starved inverter-based delay stage is adopted that allows delay adjustment by bias voltage to minimize dynamic current consumption while maintaining a constant delay regardless of changes in process, supply voltage, and temperature (PVT). To minimize static current consumption, a UWB transmitter based on a digital-based UWB pulse generator and a pulse-driven switching drive amplifier is proposed. The proposed injection-locked RF clock harvester achieves the best RF input sensitivity of −34 dBm at a power consumption of 2.03 μW, enabling energy-efficient clock harvesting from low RF input power. In ultralow-power operation, a 23.8% locking range is achieved at the RF injection power of –15 dBm to cope with frequency changes due to PVT variations. The proposed UWB transmitter with RF clock harvester achieves the lowest energy consumption per pulse with an average power consumption of 97.03 μW and an energy consumption of 19.41 pJ/pulse, enabling operation with the energy available in RF energy-harvesting applications.

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Section: Proposed Rf Clock Harvester Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Energy-Efficient UWB Transmitter with Wireless Injection Locking for RF Energy-Harvesting Sensors

Kim

Heo

Kwon

2021

Sensors

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“…Nonharmonic injected oscillators, for instance, ring oscillators and relaxation oscillators, have been studied in several papers [21,23,26,30,46,50,52]. In [21], by using approach of the LC oscillators, a three-stage single-ended ring oscillator was studied.…”

Section: Review Of the Previously Significantly Published Papersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The locking range of [26] was improved in [50] for a larger injection level. In [52], various locking range equations for ring oscillators were introduced. In addition, comprehensive and exact analyses of the ring oscillators were presented to both…”

Section: Review Of the Previously Significantly Published Papersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the multi-injection signals with the same frequency and different initial phase (δ) have been achieved for the ring oscillators. Like locking range for LC oscillators, the locking range for rings oscillators are calculated by solving nonlinear differential equations in the output nodes and proportional to I inj =I osc and inversely proportional to the number of stages (N) [52]. In Table 2, previously significantly published locking ranges are exhibited.…”

Section: Refsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Review of Injected Oscillators

Hazeri¹

2020

Modulation in Electronics and Telecommunications [Working Title]

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Oscillators are critical components in electrical and electronic engineering and other engineering and sciences. Oscillators are classified as free-running oscillators and injected oscillators. This chapter describes the background necessary for the analysis and design of injected oscillators. When an oscillator is injected by an external periodic signal mentioned as an injection signal, it is called an injected oscillator. Consequently, two phenomena occur in the injected oscillators: (I) pulling phenomena and (II) locking phenomena. For locking phenomena, the oscillation frequency of the injection signal must be near free-running oscillation frequency or its sub-/super-harmonics. Due to these phenomena are nonlinear phenomena, it is tough to achieve the exact equation or closed-form equation of them. Therefore, researchers are scrutinizing them by different analytical and numerical methods for accomplishing an exact inside view of their performances. In this chapter, injected oscillators are investigated in two main subjects: first, analytical methods on locking and pulling phenomena are reviewed, and second, applications of injected oscillators are reviewed such as injection-locked frequency dividers at the latter. Furthermore, methods of enhancing the locking range are introduced.

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“…Oscillators have been widely used in different types of systems [1–4]. Two well‐known categories of the oscillators, i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%