Single‐ended ring oscillators: analysis and design

Zafarkhah, Elnaz; Maymandi-Nejad, Mohammad; Zare, Maryam

doi:10.1049/iet-cds.2019.0190

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…While manufacturing variations induce inherent differences in RO frequencies between different devices, further randomness is introduced by a phenomenon known as jitter. Jitter refers to the short-term deviations in the period of the oscillation signal, arising from various noise sources [21] mentioned earlier.…”

Section: Multistage Ring Oscillator-based Trng Design and Implementationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A High-Quality Random Number Generator Using Multistage Ring Oscillators and Fast Fourier Transform-Based Noise Extraction

Singh,

Hasan,

Azeemuddin

2024

Eng

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Random Numbers are widely employed in cryptography and security applications. This paper presents a novel approach to generate high-quality random bitstreams by harnessing the inherent noise properties of ring oscillators. We implemented ring oscillators with varying numbers of stages (3, 5, and 7), different geometries and different startup voltages in Cadence and recorded their total output power, which includes the cumulative noise effects. Subsequently, we exported these power measurements to MATLAB, where we applied a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)-based technique to extract the total noise characteristics for each ring oscillator. Using the obtained noise data, we generated separate random bitstreams of 10 million bits for the 3-stage, 5-stage, and 7-stage ring oscillators. The final random bitstream, consisting of 10 million bits, was created by performing a bitwise XOR operation on the bitstreams generated by each ring oscillator. The degree of randomness of the generated bitstreams was assessed using the NIST 800-22 statistical test suite. Remarkably, the final random bitstream exhibited strong robustness and suitability for cryptographic applications. This innovative approach leverages the noise properties of ring oscillators to create reliable random bitstreams, offering potential applications in secure communications and cryptography. The results highlight the feasibility of using ring oscillators as noise sources for random bit generation and underscore their effectiveness in meeting stringent randomness criteria.

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Section: Multistage Ring Oscillator-based Trng Design and Implementationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…number of pattern "A" in bitstream total number of bits (21) where A = 0, 1. Two-bit probability numbers are calculated using the mathematical formula below:…”

Section: Entropy and Probability Calculatormentioning

confidence: 99%