Generalized laws of refraction and reflection at interfaces between different photonic artificial gauge fields

Cohen, Moshe-Ishay; Jörg, Christina; Lumer, Yaakov; Plotnik, Yonatan; Waller, Erik H.; Schulz, Julian; Freymann, Georg von; Segev, Mordechai

doi:10.1038/s41377-020-00411-7

Cited by 21 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…While polymeric systems are more compact due to the higher refractive index contrast (Δ n ≈ 0.008−0.01), the influence of intrinsic disorder cannot fully be neglected. [ 137 ] The lower refractive index contrast in glass (Δ n ≈ 9 × 10 −4 ) [ 138 ] leads to less confinement and larger diameters of the waveguides, the corresponding larger distance to lower coupling constants and overall larger length for a similar amount of hoppings. Here, the same amount of intrinsic fabricational disorder does not play a crucial role any longer.…”

Section: Examplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tailored Disorder in Photonics: Learning from Nature

Rothammer

Zollfrank

Busch

et al. 2021

Advanced Optical Materials

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Through natural selection, optimally designed nano-and microstructures have arisen for tailored light-matter interactions, even despite a rather limited repertory of materials. [3] Hierarchy is a major reason for the multifunctionality of natural materials such as feathers, which keep the birds body warm and make it water repellant, create wings and tails for aerodynamic lift during flying, and furthermore, provide coloration for camouflage as well as for intraspecific sexual communication. [3][4][5][6][7][8] In comparison, mankind just very recently developed fabrication technologies, which can be separated into bottom-up and top-down approaches. In bottom-up approaches, small building blocks (e.g., nanoparticles or molecules) are organized using self-assembly strategies. Bottom-up approaches are scalable and, hence, are suitable for mass fabrication. However, self-assembly always faces the unavoidable risk of introducing unwanted defects (e.g., stacking faults, missing particles), as these processes are not fully controllable. Top-down processes on the other hand allow for full control (within the limits of the precision of the technique). Here, different techniques have been developed for 1D (e.g., atomic-layer deposition, chemical-vapor deposition, molecular beam epitaxy), 2D (e.g., photo-lithography or electron-beam lithography) as well as 3D (e.g., direct laser writing, direct inkjet printing, laser induced forward transfer) structures. With increasing number of dimension, suitability for mass fabrication reduces. However, top-down fabrication reaches the required precision of few tens of nanometers even for 3D approaches to address the length scales present in the intricate structures found in nature.Due to the growing worldwide interest in photonics, researchers study natural systems as many concepts are resilient against disorder or even utilize certain amounts of disorder to achieve the desired functionality. Coloration derived from the microstructure and the underlying photonic dispersion relations and transport processes play an important role, as these properties can be designed or tailored by controlling the microstructure. Combining the precision of top-down approaches with the flexibility of bottom-up strategies opens new avenues for structures with controlled amounts of disorder. Here, we want to review the mechanisms found in natural structures, briefly discuss the underlying theoretical principles before we provide a broader overview of materials and methods for fabrication. We will conclude with a detailed exposition of four illustrative examples that showcase different aspects of tailored disorder.

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Section: Examplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tailored Disorder in Photonics: Learning from Nature

Rothammer

Zollfrank

Busch

et al. 2021

Advanced Optical Materials

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“…An effective gauge potential core is constructed in synthetic two dimensions with non‐uniform distribution of modulation phases to confine light. [ 34–36 ] By manipulating the effective gauge potential core in multiple ways, we show rich physics of pulse manipulations, including confined pulse propagation, fast/slow light, and pulse compression. Fundamentally different from previous works, [ 31–33 ] our results link to physics in (2+1) dimensions, which points out exotic route toward manipulating pulse profile and frequency conversion process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single Pulse Manipulations in Synthetic Time‐Frequency Space

Yuan

et al. 2021

Laser & Photonics Reviews

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Synthetic dimensions in photonic structures provide unique opportunities for actively manipulating light in multiple degrees of freedom. Here, a dispersive waveguide under the dynamic phase modulation is theoretically explored, which supports single pulse manipulations in the synthetic (2+1) dimensions. Compared with the counterpart of the conventional (2+1) space‐time, temporal diffraction and frequency conversion in a synthetic time‐frequency space are demonstrated while the pulse evolves along the spatial dimension. It is found that a rich set of pulse propagation behaviors can be achieved by introducing the effective non‐uniform gauge potential for photons in the synthetic time‐frequency space with the control of the modulation phase, including confined pulse propagation, fast/slow light, and pulse compression. With the additional nonperiodic oscillation subject to the effective force along the frequency axis of light, this work provides an exotic approach for actively manipulating the single pulse in both temporal and spectral domains, which shows the great promise for applications of the pulse processing and optical communications in integrated photonics.

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“…The core of the waveguide is made out of the resin SU8-2 (Microchem) with a refractive index of n core = 1.59 and is surrounded by IP-Dip (Nanoscribe), which has a refractive index of n clad = 1.54. The sample was fabricated using a Nanoscribe Photonic Professional GT [25,[27][28][29] (see Supplementary Section III for Details about the Fabrication). For the measurements, light with a wavelength of 760 nm from a white light laser (NKT photonics and a VARIA filter box) is injected with a 20× objective (NA=0.4) to a selected waveguide at the input facet of the waveguide array.…”

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Photonic quadrupole topological insulator using orbital-induced synthetic flux

Schulz¹,

Noh²,

Benalcazar³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The rich physical properties of multiatomic molecules and crystalline structures are determined, to a significant extent, by the underlying geometry and connectivity of atomic orbitals. This orbital degree of freedom has also been used effectively to introduce structural diversity in a few synthetic materials including polariton lattices nonlinear photonic lattices and ultracold atoms in optical lattices. In particular, the mixing of orbitals with distinct parity representations, such as s and p orbitals, has been shown to be especially useful for generating systems that require alternating phase patterns, as with the sign of couplings within a lattice. Here we show that by further breaking the symmetries of such mixed-orbital lattices, it is possible to generate synthetic magnetic flux threading the lattice. This capability allows the generation of multipole higher-order topological phases in synthetic bosonic platforms, in which π flux threading each plaquette of the lattice is required, and which to date have only been implemented using tailored connectivity patterns. We use this insight to experimentally demonstrate a quadrupole photonic topological insulator in a two-dimensional lattice of waveguides that leverage modes with both s and p orbital-type representations. We confirm the nontrivial quadrupole topology of the system by observing the presence of protected zero-dimensional states, which are spatially confined to the corners, and by confirming that these states sit at the band gap. Our approach is also applicable to a broader range of time-reversal-invariant synthetic materials that do not allow for tailored connectivity, e.g. with nanoscale geometries, and in which synthetic fluxes are essential.

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Generalized laws of refraction and reflection at interfaces between different photonic artificial gauge fields

Cited by 21 publications

References 40 publications

Tailored Disorder in Photonics: Learning from Nature

Tailored Disorder in Photonics: Learning from Nature

Single Pulse Manipulations in Synthetic Time‐Frequency Space

Photonic quadrupole topological insulator using orbital-induced synthetic flux

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