Generalized standard addition method for multicomponent instrument characterization and elimination of interferences in inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy

Abstract

Various types of interftrrences are known to exist when using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) emlsslon spectrometry. They have been classified as stray light, direct spectral overlap, overlap of severely broadened lines of high intensity, and conitlnuum emlssion from ion-electron recomblnation. The presence of these interferences often requires alternate (less sensitive) wavelength selection. The generalized standard addition method (GSAM) is a method of multicomponent analysis which provides a means of detecting the Interference effects, quantifying the magnitude of the interferences,, allowing the use of the most sensitive wavelengths for all analytes, and simultaneously determinlng analyte concentrations. In addition, the GSAM can be used to completely Characterize all analytlical wavelengths of a particular ICP instrument. This procedure is quite general and can be applied to most multicomponent methods of analysis.

Improving the Analytical Performances of Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry by Multivariate Analysis Techniques

“…Matrix matching failed when the standards were matched incorrectly, which will often be the case with variable matrices, while PLS yielded good results at high concentrations but was less effective at low concentration due to the noise contribution. Other multivariate calibration techniques worth mentioning include the generalized standard addition method, GSAM [75][76][77][78][79][80] , the generalized internal reference method, GIRM 81,82 and the parameter-related internal standard method, PRISM 83,84 . The GSAM procedure requires spiking the sample with the analyte and all other elements emitting in the spectral windows and measuring the changes in intensity over the window for each addition.…”

“…The sensitivity matrix is then calculated from the intensity change matrix and the absolute quantity matrix of standard added to the sample. GSAM can simultaneously correct for spectral interferences, matrix effects and instrument drift 76,77 . The method is particularly effective using an echelle/SCD based system which can simultaneously collect all data points in one spectral window 79 .…”

Implementation of a Generalized Standard Addition Method in a Flow Injection System Using Merging-Zones and Gradient Exploitation

“…2 To overcome this drawback, a generalized standard addition method (GSAM) was proposed by Saxberg and Kowalski 3 , and has been applied to spectrophotometry [4][5][6] , inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) [7][8][9] , flame photometry 10 , graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 11 , stripping voltammetry 12 and potentiometric stripping analysis. 13 In spite of the fact that GSAM allows the correcting of matrix effects and spectral interferences in multicomponent analysis [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] , it is slow and laborious when carried out by manual procedures. 4,7,[11][12][13] This drawback has been surpassed using automated procedures 5,6,[8][9][10] to implement GSAM.…”

“…13 In spite of the fact that GSAM allows the correcting of matrix effects and spectral interferences in multicomponent analysis [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] , it is slow and laborious when carried out by manual procedures. 4,7,[11][12][13] This drawback has been surpassed using automated procedures 5,6,[8][9][10] to implement GSAM. The first automated system for GSAM implementation was proposed by Kalivas and Kowalski 5 and applied to spectrophotometric determinations of nickel, cobalt and copper in synthetic samples.…”

Inductively coupled plasma spectrometry: noise characteristics of aerosols, application of generalized standard additions method, and Mach disk as an emission source

“…The case studied is the overlap of As (I) 228.812 nm on Cd (I) 228.802 nm, which has been described in the literature [5,25,34,381. The separation between the peak maxima is -10 pm.…”