“…For positive TCs, the intensity and phase gradients have opposite directions, whereas for negative TCs, the directions are the same. [
55 ] The energy flows are computed as transverse components of the Poynting vector as follows: [
56 ]
where c denotes the speed of light in vacuum, ε is the permittivity,
and
represent the electric and magnetic fields, respectively,
is used to calculate the transverse gradient of E , and
denotes the complex conjugate beam of E . The energy flow of the HO‐OVL was numerically simulated using Equation (10).…”