Genesis and evolution of high-pCO2 groundwaters of the Mukhen spa (<i>Russian Far East</i>)

Шварцев, С. Л.; Kharitonova, N. A.; Лепокурова, О. Е.; Челноков, Г. А.

doi:10.1016/j.rgg.2016.12.002

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…As can be seen from Figure 6, geothermal water in the study area falls near the GMWL line, indicating that the main recharge source of geothermal water in the study area is atmospheric precipitation. However, the 18 O of the Yaoshuitan carbonated thermal water spring has an obvious negative drift, which is because the geothermal spring contains a large amount of C 16…”

Section: ) Water-rock Interaction and Evolution Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Italiano et al (2016) studied the geochemical characteristics and genesis of dissolved gasses in the eastern Carpathian Mountains, Transylvania Basin, Romania, and pointed out that in addition to obvious atmospheric gas sources, volcanic and crustal gas sources provide materials for circulating groundwater [15]. Shvartsev et al (2017) analyzed the origin and evolution of the high pCO 2 groundwater in the Mukhen geothermal springs in the Russian Far East [16]. Kharaka et al (2018), through an experiment on the reaction between groundwater and CO 2 , showed that the leakage of CO 2 into groundwater increased acidity, which increased the content of Fe and other metals in groundwater [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genesis of Significance of Carbonated Thermal Water Springs in Xining Basin, China

Lei

Zhao

Zhang

et al. 2022

Water

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There are 30 carbonate hot springs in Yaoshuitan geothermal field, Xining Basin, China, with a temperature of 18~41.5 °C; and there are 10 carbonate hot springs in Qijiachuan geothermal field, with a temperature of 10~19.5 °C. Both geothermal fields are carbonate hot springs containing large amounts of CO2 gas. In order to reveal the origin of the carbonated hot springs in Yaoshuitan and Qijiachuan of Xining Basin, this paper offers a comprehensive study of the regional deep geology, tectonic setting, total analysis of carbonated hot springs, δ2H, δ18O, δ13C isotopes, main gas composition, and geochemical characteristics of travertine dating, travertine δ13C, and rare earth elements. The geological process of carbonated hot spring formation and the evolution of H+ content from deep to shallow is revealed, and the genetic mechanism of the carbonated hot spring in Xining Basin is systematically summarized. The results show that: (1) The characteristics of δ2H and δ18O isotopes indicate that the recharge source of carbonated thermal water springs in Xining Basin is mainly atmospheric precipitation. The age of carbonated thermal water springs at 14C is more than 20 ka, indicating that some of them may come from deep fluid (gas) sources. The R/Ra in carbonated thermal water springs is mostly less than 1, indicating that the helium in geothermal water is mainly crustal source helium, and there is no deep mantle source material. (2) The Piper three-plot indicates that the direction of groundwater evolution from the recharge area at the edge of Xining Basin to Yaoshuitan and Qijiachuan carbonated thermal water spring area near the edge of the basin is opposite to the normal path of groundwater evolution in the basin, which is due to the large amount of CO2 gas mixed in the deep fault along the northern margin of Laji Mountain. The ratio of (Ca2+ + Mg2+) and (HCO3−+ SO42−) in the Potan and Qijiachuan carbonated thermal water springs is close to 1, and the ratio of (Na+ + K+)/HCO3− is less than 1. It indicates that the chemical composition of the Yaoshuitan carbonated thermal water spring and the Qijiachuan carbonated thermal water spring in Xining Basin is dominated by the dissolution of calcite, dolomite, and gypsum in deep carbonate reservoirs, supplemented by the dissolution of silicate minerals. The relationship between the volume fraction of CO2 and the δ13C value of carbon isotope of CO2 indicates that the source of CO2 is inorganic, which is mainly formed by metamorphism and decomposition of deep carbonate and marble. The δEu < 1 and δCe > 1 of the rare earth elements in the calcium center of the carbonated thermal water springs indicate that the groundwater supplying the travertine material has been in the acidic environment receiving CO2 from the deep crust for a long time. (3) A series of tectonic activities, such as late collision and post-collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates, has led to the uplift, asthenosphere upwelling, and thermal invasion of the northern Tibetan Plateau and other deep dynamic processes. The deep faults in the northern margin of the Laji Mountain and other deep faults with obvious neotectonic activity have provided channels for the up-invasion of deep thermal materials, and local geothermal anomalies were formed near the deep faults. The hidden carbonate rocks and silicate rocks with large thickness undergo thermal metamorphism under high temperature and high pressure in the deep geothermal anomaly area and form a large amount of CO2, which is dissolved in water and enhances the acidity of water. At the same time, the dissolution reaction of acidic water to carbonate rocks consumes H+, which keeps the carbonated thermal water spring weakly acidic. (4) The composition of travertine in carbonated thermal water springs is dominated by calcite, indicating that travertine may be formed in a deep geological environment with a temperature of 150~200 °C, indicating that there are abnormal heat sources in shallow carbonate strata with a burial depth of 3000~4000 m. The abnormal heat source may be caused by the deep fault in the northern margin of Laji Mountain, as well as other deep and large faults channeled in the deep crust and mantle heat source, indicating that the deep fault in the northern margin of Laji Mountain has an obvious heat-controlling effect, and there is a good prospect of geothermal resources exploration near the fault.

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Section: ) Water-rock Interaction and Evolution Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genesis of Significance of Carbonated Thermal Water Springs in Xining Basin, China

Lei

Zhao

Zhang

et al. 2022

Water

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“…The Mukhen spa is located on the border of the Middle Amur sedimentary basin, which is part of a complex geologic structure, and the large Sikhote-Alin mountain-folded system (Fig.1). The geological structure of the region is formed by Mesozoic basement, Oligocene-Miocene sedimentary and volcanic rocks, Pliocene-Lower Quaternary flood basalts, and Quaternary alluvium [1,2]. The Mesozoic rocks are represented by the terrigenous sediments of the basement which are intruded by dikes of granodiorite, graniteporphyry, and layers of siltstones and sandstones.…”

Section: Geologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most phenomenal and popular sparkling groundwaters in the northern part of the Sikhote-Alin territory are in the Mukhen spa which is located at about 100 km from Khabarovsk (Fig.1). The chemical composition of the Mukhen spa water is unique because of two different types of cold CO2-rich groundwaters circulating in the same area [1,2]. This study was undertaken to identify the source of water and gas phases of the Mukhen spa.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The geochemistry of water and gas phases from high pCO₂ sparkling springs within the northern Sikhote-Alin ridge region (Russian Far East)

et al. 2019

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Two types of cold CO2 rich groundwaters are located within the northern part of the Sikhote-Alin ridge: the first type is a Ca–Mg–HCO3 water with low TDS content (≤ 1.7 g/l) and high concentrations of Fe2+, Mn2+, Ba2+, and SiO2, whilst the second type is a Na–HCO3 water with a high TDS content (≈ 14 g/l) and elevated concentrations of Li+, Btot, Sr2+, Br–, and I–. A notable feature of these waters is a predominance of CO2 in the gas phase (up to 99 vol. %) and low contents of other gases (CH4, N2, O2, etc.). The origins of both water types can be identified on the basis of water (δD, δ18O) and gas (δ13C, 3He/4He, 4He/20Ne) isotopic compositions considered in the context of the geology and hydrology of the region.

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“…К сожалению, продолжительное время считалось, что такое взаимодействие не может долго продолжаться, поскольку растворимость алюмосиликатов очень мала и быстро наступает равновесие с ними водного раствора. И только в последнее время нам удалось показать, что все наоборот: равновесие природной воды с такими минералами не достигается никогда [Shvartsev, 1998[Shvartsev, , 2010[Shvartsev, , 2015Shvartsev et al, 2007Shvartsev et al, , 2017Plyusnin et al, 2013].…”

Section: внутренняя эволюция системы вода -порода -газunclassified

The creative function of water in the formation of the world around us

Шварцев

2018

Geodin. tektonofiz.

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The article is focused on the evolution mechanism of the ‘inert’ and living world around us, which is determined by the creative function of water. Water and igneous rocks of basic and ultrabasic compositions create an abiogenic dissipative system that never reaches an equilibrium and therefore is capable of maintaining its continuous, strictly directed, geologically long-term development and the formation of numerous new minerals that are paragenetically associated with specific geochemical types of water. This system is equilibrium-nonequilibrium. It develops in a thermodynamic area, far from an equilibrium. It is non-linear, irreversible, and internally contradictory. In this system, water has the creative function: the hydrolysis mechanism continuously dissolves some minerals, with which the system is not in equilibrium, and, at the same time, creates others minerals, with which there is an equilibrium, including the mineral that have been absent on our planet. After the occurrence of photosynthesis, the system was supplemented with organic compounds and developed into the ‘water-rock-gas-organic matter’ system. The mechanisms of this system were generally described by V.I. Vernadsky, and we suggest to name this system after him. The Vernadsky system had not only repeatedly became more and more complicated, but acquired the capability of creating more complex organic compounds from simple carbohydrates, such as proteins, lipids, more complex carbohydrates, hemoglobin etc. With time, these components developed into living organisms. Regardless of the repeated complication of the system, the basic mechanisms of its evolution remain essentially the same, and water has preserved and enhanced its creative function through dissolving simple compounds and creating more complex ones. An important factor in the continuous complication of the system is the natural water cycle.

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Genesis and evolution of high-pCO2 groundwaters of the Mukhen spa (Russian Far East)

Cited by 9 publications

References 10 publications

Genesis of Significance of Carbonated Thermal Water Springs in Xining Basin, China

Genesis of Significance of Carbonated Thermal Water Springs in Xining Basin, China

The geochemistry of water and gas phases from high pCO₂ sparkling springs within the northern Sikhote-Alin ridge region (Russian Far East)

The creative function of water in the formation of the world around us

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Genesis and evolution of high-pCO2 groundwaters of the Mukhen spa (Russian Far East)

Cited by 9 publications

References 10 publications

Genesis of Significance of Carbonated Thermal Water Springs in Xining Basin, China

Genesis of Significance of Carbonated Thermal Water Springs in Xining Basin, China

The geochemistry of water and gas phases from high pCO2 sparkling springs within the northern Sikhote-Alin ridge region (Russian Far East)

The creative function of water in the formation of the world around us

Contact Info

Product

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The geochemistry of water and gas phases from high pCO₂ sparkling springs within the northern Sikhote-Alin ridge region (Russian Far East)