Genetic and antigenic characterization of novel pestivirus genotypes: implications for classification

Abstract

Currently, the genus Pestivirus comprises the four approved species Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1), BVDV-2, Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), and Border disease virus (BDV) and one tentative fifth species represented by a single strain (H138) isolated from a giraffe in Kenya more than 30 years ago. To further address the issue of heterogeneity of pestiviruses we have determined the entire N(pro) and E2 coding sequences for several new pestivirus isolates. Interestingly, phylogenetic analysis revealed that one pestivirus isolated in the 1990s in Africa is closely related to strain H138. Moreover, several novel pestiviruses isolated from sheep group together with the previously described strain V60 (Reindeer-1) isolated from a reindeer, whereas one ovine pestivirus strain (Gifhorn) significantly differs from all previously described pestiviruses, including BDV. We propose to term these mainly sheep-derived pestiviruses BDV-2 (V60-like isolates) and BDV-3 (Gifhorn); consequently, the "classical" BDV isolates should be termed BDV-1. As an additional criterion for segregation of pestiviruses, the antigenic relatedness of pestivirus isolates covering all observed major genotypes was studied by cross-neutralization assays. Analysis of the antigenic similarities indicated the presence of seven major antigenic groups corresponding to BVDV-1, BVDV-2, CSFV, BDV-1, BDV-2, BDV-3, and "giraffe". Taking into account the host origin, the lack of differences concerning the course of disease, and the results of our genetic and antigenic analyses, we suggest that BDV-1, BDV-2, and BDV-3 should be considered as major genotypes within the species BDV.

Natural infection of cattle with an atypical `HoBi'-like pestivirus – Implications for BVD control and for the safety of biological products

“…Currently there are two recognised genotypes of BVDV (BVDV-1, and -2) that together with Border Disease Virus (BDV) and Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) constitute the four accepted species of the genus Pestivirus. In addition, a tentative fifth species is represented by a virus isolated from a giraffe [1]. The pestivirus genome consists of single stranded positive-sense RNA of approximately 12.3 kb, with one open reading frame flanked by 5' and 3' non-coding regions (NCR).…”

“…Classification of pestiviruses is based on the genetic relatedness between isolates, including genetic similarity with the type virus of the species [6]. Furthermore, because pestiviruses are serologically cross-reactive, species demarcation considers antigenic relationships based on binding assays with monoclonal antibodies or cross-neutralisation assays with polyclonal antisera [1,5]. Recently, an atypical pestivirus named D32/00_'HoBi' was isolated from foetal calf serum (FCS) originating from Brazil [13].…”

Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) diversity and vaccination. A review

“…Hepatitis G virusIGB-virus C (HGV/ GBV-C) is classified within the family Flaviviridae but has not been assigned to a genus. The genus Pestivirus official nomenclature currently includes the four accepted species namely: Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus-I (BVDV-1), BVDV-2, Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) and Ovine Border Disease Virus (BDV) and one tentative fifth species isolated from a giraffe (5,37). BVDV-1, BVDV-2, and BDV are able to cross species barriers to infect a wide range of hosts within the Artiodactyla (3).…”

Genetic diversity of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) from Peru and Chile

“…Two genotypes of BVDV (BVDV-1, and -2) are recognized, and they constitute, together with border disease virus and classical swine fever virus, the four accepted species of the genus. In addition, a tentative fifth species is represented by a virus isolated from a giraffe (Becher et al 2003). BVDV-1 remains the dominant genotype and has been found worldwide.…”

“…The two genotypes can be further subdivided, and at least eleven subtypes of BVDV-1 and two of BVDV-2 have been identified (Vilcek et al 2001, Flores et al 2002. The genetic typing of BVDV has most frequently been based on sequence comparison of partial sequences of the 5' UTR, Npro or E2 regions (Vilcek et al 2001, Becher et al 2003. Analysis of the 5' UTR, a highly conserved region of the genome, has shown to be a reliable and reproducible method for genetic characterization of BVDV isolates (Ridpath 2005) even though the genetic resolution obtained is not as high as that obtained with more variable regions as Npro or E2.…”