Genetic and Environmental Influences on Substance Initiation, Use, and Problem Use in Adolescents

Rhee, Soo Hyun; Hewitt, John K.; Young, Susan E.; Corley, Robin P.; Crowley, Thomas J.; Stallings, Michael C.

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.12.1256

Cited by 346 publications

(294 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Many studies have demonstrated a familial clustering with alcohol, opiate, and poly-drug dependence (Bierut et al, 1998;Merikangas et al, 1998;Nurnberger et al, 2004;Rhee et al, 2003;Rounsaville et al, 1991). The present report extends this work to the familial aggregation of specific substance use and dependence associated with cocaine dependent subjects.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…Numerous studies of alcohol, opiate, and polysubstance dependence have assessed the clustering of dependence in families. Consistently, relatives of alcohol and drug dependent individuals are more likely to develop substance use disorders than relatives of nondependent subjects (Bierut et al, 1998;Merikangas et al, 1998;Nurnberger et al, 2004;Rhee et al, 2003). Similarly, twin and adoption studies demonstrate that a vulnerability to dependence on multiple substances is transmitted between biologic relatives and is related to genetic factors (Kendler et al, 2003;Tsuang et al, 1998).…”

Section: Familial Contributions To Use and Dependencementioning

confidence: 97%

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Drug use and dependence in cocaine dependent subjects, community-based individuals, and their siblings

Bierut

Strickland

Thompson

et al. 2008

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Background-The purpose of this study was to examine substance use and dependence among cocaine dependent subjects and their siblings compared to individuals recruited from the same neighborhood and their siblings in order to better understand family and neighborhood contributions to the development of dependence.Methods-Cocaine dependent subjects were recruited through treatment centers. Communitybased subjects were matched to cocaine dependent index cases on age, ethnicity, gender, and zip code. One full sibling for each case and community-based subject participated.Results-Cocaine dependent subjects were significantly more likely than community-based subjects to use all substances studied and were 2 to 10 times more likely to be dependent on alcohol and other illicit drugs. Dependence only on cocaine was uncommon (<10%). The siblings of cocaine dependent subjects had higher rates of substance use and were 1.3 to 3 times more likely to have a diagnosis of substance dependence compared siblings of community-based subjects. However, when analyses focused only on those who ever used a specific substance, the siblings of cocaine dependent cases were at a similar or modestly elevated risk (1.5 times) of developing dependence.Conclusions-Cocaine dependence is characterized by polysubstance use and dependence. In addition, the prevalence of substance dependence in the community subjects was higher than reported for the general population, indicating that cocaine dependent cases live in high-risk communities with elevated prevalence of substance dependence. A potential intervention to decrease the family clustering of dependence is to reduce the initiation of drug use in at risk relatives.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Familial Contributions To Use and Dependencementioning

confidence: 97%

Drug use and dependence in cocaine dependent subjects, community-based individuals, and their siblings

Bierut

Strickland

Thompson

et al. 2008

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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“…The corresponding heritability estimates under the assumptions of the CTM were consistent with values reported from various twin studies (Carmelli et al, 1992;Heath et al, , 1999Boomsma et al, 1994;Han et al, 1999;Koopmans et al, 1999;Madden et al, 1999Madden et al, , 2004McGue et al, 2000;Rhee et al, 2003;Maes et al, 2006). However, using a novel analysis, which allowed us to adjust for both the smoking status of an individual's friends and the concordance for friends' smoking status within pairs, we found greater concordance for smoking in MZ pairs only at wave 1 when most twins were living together.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Environmental and lifestyle factors shared by twins have been found to play only a small role in adult smoking (Sullivan and Kendler, 1999;Li et al, 2003), although they may be more important in the smoking behaviours of adolescents and young adults (Boomsma et al, 1994;Han et al, 1999;Koopmans et al, 1999;McGue et al, 2000;Hopfer et al, 2003;Rhee et al, 2003;White et al, 2003).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Does smoking among friends explain apparent genetic effects on current smoking in adolescence and young adulthood?

et al. 2008

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We used data from a prospective cohort study of twins to investigate the influence of unmeasured genetic and measured and unmeasured environmental factors on the smoking behaviour of adolescents and young adults. Twins were surveyed in 1988 (aged 11 -18 years), 1991, 1996 and 2004 with data from 1409, 1121, 732 and 758 pairs analysed from each survey wave, respectively. Questionnaires assessed the smoking behaviour of twins and the perceived smoking behaviour of friends and parents. Using a novel logistic regression analysis, we simultaneously modelled individual risk and excess concordance for current smoking as a function of zygosity, survey wave, parental smoking and peer smoking. Being concordant for having peers who smoked was a predictor of concordance for current smoking (Po0.001). After adjusting for peer smoking, monozygotic (MZ) pairs were no more alike than dizygotic pairs for current smoking at waves 2, 3 and 4. Genetic explanations are not needed to explain the greater concordance for current smoking among adult MZ pairs. However, if they are invoked, the role of genes may be due to indirect effects acting through the social environment. Smoking prevention efforts may benefit more by targeting social factors than attempting to identify genetic factors associated with smoking. Smoking is an important cause of preventable mortality and morbidity in later life (Ezzati and Lopez, 2004), so there is a need to understand the factors associated with its uptake and establishment. Twin studies have the potential to identify whether genetic factors might play a role in explaining individual variation in smoking behaviours. The observation that identical (monozygotic; MZ) twin pairs are more similar than same-sex non-identical (dizygotic; DZ) twin pairs is often interpreted as showing that genetic factors play a role, because this finding is consistent with such an explanation under the assumptions of the classic twin model (CTM). One of the main assumptions of the CTM is that the effects of the shared environment on the relevant trait are the same for MZ and DZ pairs (the equal environments assumption (EEA)). Under this assumption, any greater similarity for MZ pairs compared with DZ pairs is attributed to their greater genetic similarity.Using the CTM, studies of the smoking behaviour of adult twins have been interpreted as showing that genetic factors play a major role in both initiation and persistence of smoking (Carmelli et al,

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“…Twin studies have demonstrated genetic influences on the liability to develop cannabis dependence in both adults and adolescents (Kendler and Prescott 1998;Tsuang et al 1998;Maes et al 1999;Kendler et al 2000;Miles et al 2001;Lynskey et al 2002;Rhee et al 2003). A logical candidate gene that could influence the liability to develop cannabis dependence symptoms is CNR1, which codes for the cannabinoid receptor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabis receptor haplotype associated with fewer cannabis dependence symptoms in adolescents

Hopfer

Young

Purcell

et al. 2006

American J of Med Genetics Pt B

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Cannabis is a major substance of abuse, and the gene encoding for the central cannabinoid receptor (CNR1) is a logical candidate gene for vulnerability toward developing symptoms of cannabis dependence. We studied four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CNR1 gene for association with having one or more symptoms of cannabis dependence in 541 adolescent subjects who had all tried cannabis five or more times. Cases (327) were defined as those who had tried marijuana and developed one or more symptoms, and controls (214) as those who had tried marijuana but developed no dependence symptoms. Cannabis dependence symptoms were assessed in these youth when they were 17 or older with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Substance Abuse Module. Univariate (single-marker) association tests demonstrated that SNP rs806380, located in intron 2 of the CNR1 gene, was significantly associated with developing one or more cannabis dependence symptoms, with the G allele having a protective effect (p < 0.02). This was consistent with the results of the global haplotype test (p < 0.01). One of the common haplotypes examined (present in 21% of the subjects) was significantly associated with a lower rate of having one or more cannabis dependence symptoms. Our findings provide evidence suggesting that a common CNR1 haplotype is associated with developing fewer cannabis dependence symptoms among adolescents who have experimented with cannabis.

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Genetic and Environmental Influences on Substance Initiation, Use, and Problem Use in Adolescents

Cited by 346 publications

References 45 publications

Drug use and dependence in cocaine dependent subjects, community-based individuals, and their siblings

Drug use and dependence in cocaine dependent subjects, community-based individuals, and their siblings

Does smoking among friends explain apparent genetic effects on current smoking in adolescence and young adulthood?

Cannabis receptor haplotype associated with fewer cannabis dependence symptoms in adolescents

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