treatment also affected conidial differentiation and pigmentation. A cDNA suppression subtractive library was also produced and followed by sequencing of potential metal treatment-specific clones, thus determining induced genes.The genes uncovered included enzymes and regulators of cell growth and division, including many genes with unknown functions were uncovered. A Northern blot analysis was used to verify the expression pattern of the corresponding genes under metal treatment. The metal ions enhanced the expression of alcohol dehydrogenase Adh1 homologue by up to 33-fold in A. flavus and ca fourfold in F. graminearum. Encoding homologues of a neutral amino acid permease, were also used in the Northern analysis. However, the expression of the permease was not significantly affected by metal ion treatments.
Conclusions:The results showed a significant effect of metal ions on expression of gene related to fungal growth, development, conidiation and production of both aflatoxin and zearalenone. Significant and Impact of the Study: At the molecular and cellular level, the significant effects of metal ions on fungal growth and development, conidiation, and production of both aflatoxin and zearalenone were demonstrated.