Genetic Characterization of a New HIV-1 Sub-Subtype A in Cabo Verde, Denominated A8

Silva, Rayana Katylin Mendes Da; Araújo, Isabel M.; Maciera, Karine Venegas; Morgado, Mariza G.; Guimarães, Monick Lindenmeyer

doi:10.3390/v13061093

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…For this analysis, two different datasets were collected. For initial phylogenetic analysis, a total of 841 full-length reverse transcriptase sequences, from A1, A2, A3, A4, A6 and newly described A8 [ 8 ] sub-subtypes of subtype A, spanning the corresponding nucleotides 2550→3869 in HXB2 genome, were retrieved from the Los Alamos HIV database ( https://www.hiv.lanl.gov/content/index ). After removing the duplicate sequences, 557 sequences were used for initial phylogenetic analysis ( S1 Table ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin and evolution of HIV-1 subtype A6

et al. 2021

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Background HIV outbreaks in the Former Soviet Union (FSU) countries were characterized by repeated transmission of the HIV variant AFSU, which is now classified as a distinct subtype A sub-subtype called A6. The current study used phylogenetic/phylodynamic and signature mutation analyses to determine likely evolutionary relationship between subtype A6 and other subtype A sub-subtypes. Methods For this study, an initial Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analysis was performed using a total of 553 full-length, publicly available, reverse transcriptase sequences, from A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, and A6 sub-subtypes of subtype A. For phylogenetic clustering and signature mutation analysis, a total of 5961 and 3959 pol and env sequences, respectively, were used. Results Phylogenetic and signature mutation analysis showed that HIV-1 sub-subtype A6 likely originated from sub-subtype A1 of African origin. A6 and A1 pol and env genes shared several signature mutations that indicate genetic similarity between the two subtypes. For A6, tMRCA dated to 1975, 15 years later than that of A1. Conclusion The current study provides insights into the evolution and diversification of A6 in the backdrop of FSU countries and indicates that A6 in FSU countries evolved from A1 of African origin and is getting bridged outside the FSU region.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin and evolution of HIV-1 subtype A6

et al. 2021

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“…Recently, a new classification of subtype A was proposed, with subtype A subdivided into six sub-subtypes (A1-A4, A6, A7) [8]. Furthermore a new sub-subtype was also detected: sub-subtype A8 [9]. A1 sub-subtype is predominantly found in SSA, and A6 is unique to regions in the EEU [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and Transmitted HIV-1 Drug Resistance among Treatment-Naïve Individuals in Israel, 2010–2018

Wagner

Zuckerman

Halperin

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Despite the low prevalence of HIV-1 in Israel, continuous waves of immigration may have impacted the local epidemic. We characterized all people diagnosed with HIV-1 in Israel in 2010–2018. The demographics and clinical data of all individuals (n = 3639) newly diagnosed with HIV-1 were retrieved. Subtypes, transmitted drug-resistance mutations (TDRM), and phylogenetic relations, were determined in >50% of them. In 39.1%, HIV-1 transmission was through heterosexual contact; 34.3% were men who have sex with men (MSM); and 10.4% were people who inject drugs. Many (>65%) were immigrants. Israeli-born individuals were mostly (78.3%) MSM, whereas only 9% of those born in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Eastern Europe and Central Asia (EEU/CA), were MSM. The proportion of individuals from SSA decreased through the years 2010–2018 (21.1% in 2010–2012; 16.8% in 2016–2018) whereas those from EEU/CA increased significantly (21% in 2010–2012; 27.8% in 2016–2018, p < 0.001). TDRM were identified in 12.1%; 3.7, 3.3 and 6.6% had protease inhibitors (PI), nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI), and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) TDRM, respectively, with the overall proportion remaining stable in the studied years. None had integrase TDRM. Subtype B was present in 43.9%, subtype A in 25.2% (A6 in 22.8 and A1 in 2.4%) and subtype C in 17.1% of individuals. Most MSM had subtype B. Subtype C carriers formed small clusters (with one unexpected MSM cluster), A1 formed a cluster mainly of locally-born patients with NNRTI mutations, and A6 formed a looser cluster of individuals mainly from EEU. Israelis, <50 years old, carrying A1, had the highest risk for having TDRM. In conclusion, an increase in immigrants from EEU/CA and a decrease in those from SSA characterized the HIV-1 epidemic in 2010–2018. Baseline resistance testing should still be recommended to identify TDRM, and improve surveillance and care.

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“…Especially for the A5 subtype, no pure form or prototype was found, even though this A5 subtype is still classified as CRF26_A5U. 25 When a person is infected with two or more subtypes of HIV-1, the virus can recombine its genome and form new recombinations. If new recombination spreads to three or more individuals who are not epidemiologically related, this recombinant is known as circulating recombinant form (CRF).…”

Section: Hivmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Development on HIV Variants and HIV Vaccine

Balatif

Harahap

Almira

2022

Cermin Dunia Kedokteran

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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus from the Retrovirus family that attacks human immune cells, especially T lymphocytes. The increasing number of HIV cases requires a more effective preventive measure; among others is through vaccination. Although it has been about 40 years, there is no HIV vaccine on the market yet. It can be because of many variations of HIV and each country has its own dominant HIV variant. In addition, the ability of HIV virus to evade immune responses, high mutation rates, and limited experimental animals add to the difficulties to develop effective vaccines. As of May 2022, 16 vaccines are currently undergoing phase I/II clinical trials. Among HIV vaccines that have already undergone phase III clinical trials, only RV 144 vaccine gave promising results, with efficacy reaching 31.2%. The development of the HIV vaccine continues to obtain a safe and effective HIV vaccine. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) merupakan virus dari famili Retrovirus yang menyerang sel imun manusia terutama limfosit T. Kasus infeksi HIV yang terus meningkat, membutuhkan tindakan pencegahan yang lebih efektif antara lain dengan vaksin HIV. Tetapi, meskipun sudah sekitar 40 tahun, belum ada vaksin HIV yang diedarkan. Hal ini bisa karena banyaknya variasi HIV serta tiap negara memiliki varian HIV dominan yang berbeda. Selain itu, kemampuan HIV menghindari respon imun, laju mutasi yang tinggi, ditambah dengan keterbatasan hewan coba, menyulitkan pembuatan vaksin. Hingga bulan Mei 2022 terdapat 16 vaksin yang tengah menjalani uji klinis fase I/II. Di antara vaksin HIV yang sudah pernah menjalani uji klinis fase III, hanya vaksin RV 144 yang memberikan hasil menjanjikan yakni efikasi mencapai 31,2%. Perkembangan vaksin HIV terus berlanjut untuk mendapatkan vaksin HIV yang aman dan efektif.

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Genetic Characterization of a New HIV-1 Sub-Subtype A in Cabo Verde, Denominated A8

Cited by 12 publications

References 20 publications

Origin and evolution of HIV-1 subtype A6

Origin and evolution of HIV-1 subtype A6

Epidemiology and Transmitted HIV-1 Drug Resistance among Treatment-Naïve Individuals in Israel, 2010–2018

Recent Development on HIV Variants and HIV Vaccine

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