Genetic characterization of influenza virus circulating in Brazilian pigs during 2009 and 2010 reveals a high prevalence of the pandemic H1N1 subtype

Rajão, Daniela S.; Costa, Alfredo; Brasil, Bruno S. A. F.; Puerto, Helen L. Del; Oliveira, Fernanda Gonçalves de; Alves, Fabiana; Braz, Gissandra Farias; Reis, Jenner Karlisson Pimenta dos; Guedes, Roberto Maurício Carvalho; Lobato, Zélia Inês Portela; Leite, Rômulo Cerqueira

doi:10.1111/irv.12072

Cited by 24 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Human-to-swine transmission of the H1N1pdm09 virus has been reported globally since 2009 (8,10,18,19) and continues to occur in association with H1N1pdm09 activity in humans (13). However, onward transmission of H1N1pdm09 in pigs in the United States is limited to its internal gene segments, particularly the PA, NP, and M genes (13)(14)(15)20).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reassortment between Swine H3N2 and 2009 Pandemic H1N1 in the United States Resulted in Influenza A Viruses with Diverse Genetic Constellations with Variable Virulence in Pigs

Rajão

Walia

Campbell

et al. 2017

J Virol

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Repeated spillovers of the H1N1 pandemic virus (H1N1pdm09) from humans to pigs resulted in substantial evolution of influenza A viruses infecting swine, contributing to the genetic and antigenic diversity of influenza A viruses (IAV) currently circulating in swine. The reassortment with endemic swine viruses and maintenance of some of the H1N1pdm09 internal genes resulted in the circulation of different genomic constellations in pigs. Here, we performed a whole-genome phylogenetic analysis of 368 IAV circulating in swine from 2009 to 2016 in the United States. We identified 44 different genotypes, with the most common genotype (32.33%) containing a clade IV-A HA gene, a 2002-lineage NA gene, an M-pdm09 gene, and remaining gene segments of triple reassortant internal gene (TRIG) origin. To understand how different genetic constellations may relate to viral fitness, we compared the pathogenesis and transmission in pigs of six representative genotypes. Although all six genotypes efficiently infected pigs, they resulted in different degrees of pathology and viral shedding. These results highlight the vast H3N2 genetic diversity circulating in U.S. swine after 2009. This diversity has important implications in the control of this disease by the swine industry, as well as a potential risk for public health if swine-adapted viruses with H1N1pdm09 genes have an increased risk to humans, as occurred in the 2011-2012 and 2016 human variant H3N2v cases associated with exhibition swine. IMPORTANCE People continue to spread the 2009 H1N1 pandemic (H1N1pdm09) IAV to pigs, allowing H1N1pdm09 to reassort with endemic swine IAV. In this study, we determined the 8 gene combinations of swine H3N2 IAV detected from 2009 to 2016. We identified 44 different genotypes of H3N2, the majority of which contained at least one H1N1pdm09 gene segment. We compared six representative genotypes of H3N2 in pigs. All six genotypes efficiently infected pigs, but they resulted in different degrees of lung damage and viral shedding. These results highlight the vast genetic diversity of H3N2 circulating in U.S. swine after 2009, with important implications for the control of IAV for the swine industry. Because H1N1pdm09 is also highly adapted to humans, these swine viruses pose a potential risk to public health if swine-adapted viruses with H1N1pdm09 genes also have an increased risk for human infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reassortment between Swine H3N2 and 2009 Pandemic H1N1 in the United States Resulted in Influenza A Viruses with Diverse Genetic Constellations with Variable Virulence in Pigs

Rajão

Walia

Campbell

et al. 2017

J Virol

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“…Detection of human-origin pH1N1 in swine herds was reported in many countries where influenza had not previously been documented as an important swine health problem, including Australia [26,27], India [24], Sri Lanka [25], Colombia [23], and Cameroon [19] (Table 1, Figure 4). The introductions of pH1N1 into the large commercial swine herds in Brazil [22] and Nigeria [49] have caused outbreaks that are of particular concern, as these possibly endemic viruses could complicate swine health and production in regions with high hog densities but lacking experience in diagnosing and controlling influenza in swine.…”

Section: Large-scale Reverse Zoonosis Of Ph1n1 Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reverse zoonosis of influenza to swine: new perspectives on the human–animal interface

Nelson

Vincent

2015

Trends in Microbiology

215

206

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The origins of the influenza A (H1N1) pandemic of 2009 in swine are unknown, highlighting gaps in our understanding of influenza A virus ecology and evolution. Here we review how recently strengthened influenza virus surveillance in pigs has revealed that influenza virus transmission from humans to swine is far more frequent than swine-to-human zoonosis, and is central in seeding swine globally with new viral diversity. The scale of global human-to-swine transmission represents the largest ‘reverse zoonosis’ of a pathogen documented to date. Overcoming the bias towards perceiving swine as sources of human viruses, rather than recipients, is key to understanding how the bidirectional nature of the human-animal interface produces influenza threats to both hosts.

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“…Swine have a receptor for both human and avian influenza viruses and, thus, have become an essential player for interspecies transmission. In Brazil, pH1N1 is established in swine populations and may become endemic in the country (Rajão et al . 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 M and HA segments sequences from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Matias

Filho

Bisognin

et al. 2018

Preprint

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The influenza virus is one of the most critical viruses in epidemiology. The 2009 pandemic was caused by a reassortment of the human–avian–swine virus with eight RNA segments responsible for all virus proteins. Segment 7 codifies for matrix proteins M1 and M2. These proteins exhibited low mutation rate because the matrix is fundamental for virion encapsidation and ion channel formation. However, hemagglutinin (HA) segment 4 is one of the most important segments for virulence and hence, is more studied. Brazil had many influenza virus infection cases just before 2009 and from 2011 to 2015, particularly in the Rio Grande do Sul (RS) State. Two hundred samples obtained during the pandemic were used for amplification and sequencing of the viral genome; a total of 19 M and 17 HA amplified segments were sequenced. Sequencing of the M fragment showed that RS has a virus origin different from that in Eastern Asia, Western Europe, USA, and Central America (Mexico and Nicaragua). All the sequences showed amantadine resistance (S31N) and one was out of the phylogenetic tree (Brazil/RS-3335/2009) due to high mutation rate. RS-3335 was the only sample obtained from a patient who died. Many migratory birds that flock to RS are from Europe, Asia, and USA, which could explain this rate of mutation. Insertions and deletions were found in the M1 protein in these samples. The HA sequences showed worldwide spread and less diversity than the M sequences in this study. The most divergent sample was Brazil/RS-3093/2009 that showed mutations in the sialic acid ligation site.

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Genetic characterization of influenza virus circulating in Brazilian pigs during 2009 and 2010 reveals a high prevalence of the pandemic H1N1 subtype

Cited by 24 publications

References 37 publications

Reassortment between Swine H3N2 and 2009 Pandemic H1N1 in the United States Resulted in Influenza A Viruses with Diverse Genetic Constellations with Variable Virulence in Pigs

Reassortment between Swine H3N2 and 2009 Pandemic H1N1 in the United States Resulted in Influenza A Viruses with Diverse Genetic Constellations with Variable Virulence in Pigs

Reverse zoonosis of influenza to swine: new perspectives on the human–animal interface

Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 M and HA segments sequences from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

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