Genetic characterization of Perna viridis L. in peninsular Malaysia using microsatellite markers

Abstract

A total of 19 polymorphic microsatellite loci were used to analyse levels of genetic variation for 10 populations of Perna viridis L. collected from all over peninsular Malaysia. The populations involved in this study included Pulau Aman in Penang, Tanjung Rhu in Kedah, Bagan Tiang in Perak, Pulau Ketam in Selangor, Muar, Parit Jawa, Pantai Lido and Kampung Pasir Puteh in Johore, and Kuala Pontian and Nenasi in Pahang state. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to seven, with an average of 3.1. Heterozygote deficiencies were observed across all the 10 populations. Characterization of the populations revealed that local populations of P. viridis in peninsular Malaysia were genetically similar enough to be used as a biomonitoring agent for heavy metal contamination in the Straits of Malacca. Cluster analysis grouped the P. viridis populations according to their geographical distributions with the exception of Parit Jawa. The analysis also revealed that P. viridis from the northern parts of peninsular Malaysia were found to be the most distant populations among the populations of mussels investigated and P. viridis from the eastern part of peninsular Malaysia were closer to the central and southern populations than to the northern populations.

Genetic Variations in Populations from Farms and Natural Habitats of Asian Green Mussel, Perna viridis, in Singapore Inferred from Nine Microsatellite Markers

“…In this study, the average allelic richness in all five populations was over 10.4/locus and was similar to that in P. viridis in Thailand (Prakoon et al 2010), suggesting that high allelic diversity is available in populations in the coast of Singapore and Thailand. However, in another study on P. viridis in Malaysia (Ong et al 2009), the allelic diversity in 10 populations was only 3.1 allele/locus, much lower than the observed in our study. This difference may be due to the use of different microsatellite markers.…”

“…The nine microsatellites used in this study, showed high polymorphism with an average of 17.7 alleles/locus, which is similar to those used in examining the populations in Thailand (Prakoon et al 2010), and is much higher than those microsatellites (2–3 alleles/locus) used for assessing the population in Malaysia (Ong et al 2009). Low polymorphism of some types of markers, such as allozymes, has limited their ability in identifying population structure (Yap et al 2002; Liu and Cordes 2004).…”

Seascape genetics of the New Zealand greenshell mussel: sea surface temperature explains macrogeographic scale genetic variation

“…Heterozygote deficiencies are very common in bivalve populations across a range of genetic marker types (e.g. Zouros & Foltz 1984, Addison & Hart 2005, Addison et al 2008, Diz & Presa 2009, Ong et al 2009). Whilst the cause of these heterozygote deficiencies is usually un known, several different explanations have been proposed including inbreeding, null alleles, selection, aneuploidy, maternal imprinting, and the Wahlund effect (Zouros & Foltz 1984, Gardner 1992, Teixeira de Sousa et al 2012).…”

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“…Several population genetic studies have been conducted on Asian green mussel populations in Thailand, India, Malaysia, China and Singapore (Yap, Tan, Ismail, & Omar, 2002;Ong, Yusoff, Yap, & Tan, 2009;Divya, Thomas, Gopalakrishnan, Sathianandan, &Paulton, 2012;Lin, Loong, & Gen, 2012;Yap, Cheng, Ong & Tan, 2013;Gilg, Johnson, Gobin, Bright, & Ortolaza, 2013;Ibrahim, 2014;Ye, Li, & Wu, 2015). As far as Malaysian Borneo is concerned, a preliminary study was conducted in Santubong, Sarawak (Ibrahim, 2014) but no studies have been reported from Sabah.…”